• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.98.2-98.2
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• 2012

We firstly present the unified Far-UV continuum map of the Taurus-Auriga-Perseus (TPA) complex, one of the largest local associations of dark cloud located in (l, b)=([154,180], [-28, -2]), by merging both FIMS and GALEX. The FUV continuum map shows that dust extinction correlate well with the FUV around the complex. It shows strong absorption in FUV toward the dense Taurus cloud while it does not in California cloud. It turned out that it is related to the relative location of each cloud and Perseus OB2 association. We also present some results of dust scattering simulation based on Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer technique (MCRT). Through this dust scattering simulation, we have derived the scattering parameter for this region, albedo(a)=$0.42^{+0.05}{_{-0.05}}$, asymmetry factor(g)=$0.47^{+0.11}{_{-0.27}}$. The optical parameters we obtained seem reasonable compared to the theoretical model values ~0.40 and ~0.65 for the albedo and the phase function though the phase function is rather small. Using the result of simulation, we figured out the geometries of each cloud in the complex region, especially their distances and thicknesses. Our predictions from the results are in good agreement with the previous studies related to the TPA complex. For example, the Taurus cloud is within ~200pc from the Sun and the Perseus seems to be multi-layered, at least two. The California cloud is more distant than the other cloud on average at ~350 pc and Auriga cloud seems to be between the Taurus cloud and the eastern end of the California cloud. We figured out that across the TPA complex region, there might be some correlation between the LSR velocity and the distance to each cloud in the complex.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 2021

This research is a case study about "Critical Thinking and Debate Education" class which was done for freshmen at the engineering college of "S" Women's University. Real time remote classes through LMS and ZOOM were the most effective tools under on-line circumstances, considering the fact that video lectures only cannot cultivate students' capabilities of critical thinking and communication. Throughout the analysis on students' self-reflection journals and lecture evaluations, this paper examined considerable future points and the pros and cons of "Critical Thinking and Debate Education" under online presentation and discussion situation. As research outputs, students told they could feel less nervousness and anxiety when they exercise and have a presentation because they could choose familiar space for them. In addition, students also told that they feel comfortable about both self-feedback and peer evaluation, repeatedly seeing the recorded video clip. However, on the contrary, sometimes students felt uncomfortable due to unstable internet connection through the online classes, and they also were regretful about the missing chances of interaction between a teacher and students and of intimate exchanges among students. They also told they had felt a kind of limit of enhancing their presentation skills just in front of the monitor. Considering these outcomes, this research paper points out that online education needs to be proceeded by strengthening multi layered feedback to students with the build-up of a non-face-to-face stable educational infrastructure, application of online instructional strategy, and utilization of YouTube platform and video contents. Through this research paper, I hope the new system of encompassing on/off line "Critical Thinking and Debate Education" and effective teaching and learning method can be developed soon by strengthening the strength of online education.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

In today's diversified society, it is hard to know which building style represents the architectural style of the time. The simplicity found in monolithic-style buildings forms a symmetrical point with fairly complex structure, and its value can be acknowledged. This study analyzes buildings made of insulating lightweight aggregate concrete in the early 21st century, defines the concept of monolithic expression, and examines how these characteristics are expressed in the space, forms, and structural methods in construction. Unlike a multi-layered exterior wall system, which features multiple layers composed of a variety of materials, the exterior walls built with insulating lightweight aggregate concrete comes in a lump form with a mold form that is tightly filled with concrete as a single material and is monolithic. This is attributed to the creation of spaces characterized by the homogeneity of inner and outer spaces with the use of the same material, continuity of the surface as solidity, spatial characteristics of the stereotomic construction, expression of materiality with the use of exposed concrete, and the contrast of the lump and the space. This not only reveals formal characteristics that expose a discourse about monolithic architecture in contemporary architecture but also provide an opportunity to extend the range of discussion to structures and materials and even to their effects on space.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.43 no.3 s.309
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• pp.30-38
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• 2006

In this paper, we improved to drops recognition rate according to distance using distance and depth information with 3D from stereo face images. A monocular face image has problem to drops recognition rate by uncertainty information such as distance of an object, size, moving, rotation, and depth. Also, if image information was not acquired such as rotation, illumination, and pose change for recognition, it has a very many fault. So, we wish to solve such problem. Proposed method consists of an eyes detection algorithm, analysis a pose of face, md principal component analysis (PCA). We also convert the YCbCr space from the RGB for detect with fast face in a limited region. We create multi-layered relative intensity map in face candidate region and decide whether it is face from facial geometry. It can acquire the depth information of distance, eyes, and mouth in stereo face images. Proposed method detects face according to scale, moving, and rotation by using distance and depth. We train by using PCA the detected left face and estimated direction difference. Simulation results with face recognition rate of 95.83% (100cm) in the front and 98.3% with the pose change were obtained successfully. Therefore, proposed method can be used to obtain high recognition rate with an appropriate scaling and pose change according to the distance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.63-76
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• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.243-256
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is aimed at identifying the planting condition of greenbelt axis covering forests located at Sinhyeon-eup, Geoje-si and also establishing improvement plans for the ecological organization. The study was executed with buffer green space designed to mitigate noise, which is located at a halfway point linking Mt. Yukkyo(altitude of 50m) and Mt. Jungmae(altitude of 131m). The number of the biotope patterns was classified into 17 in total: the two are urbanized districts such as a townified district and streets and another 15 are greenbelts and open space such as forest biotope, inland water biotope, and landscaping tree plantations biotope. According to the analysis of biotope types, it was estimated that the making use of already established buffer greens as a linking medium with a foothold of Mt. Yukkyo and Jungmae, whose natural eco-system is well suited for habitation of living organism, is the one and only way to the influx of living organism into the downtown area. The green coverage rate of the base green area, sub-base green area and linkage green area was 160.29%, 128.37% and 44.37% respectively; the green capacity coefficient(i.e. GVZ[$Gr{\ddot{u}}nvolumezahl$]) for base green area, sub-base green area and linkage green area was $4.04m^3/m^2,\;3.95m^3/m^2\;and\;0.65m^3/m^2$ respectively. The base green area has constituted multi-layered vegetation structure and thus played a role as habitats for living organism and supply centre of species, whereas the sub-base green area has destroyed lower layer vegetation, and the linkage green area was in bad shape due to the lack of planting volume and damage of the shrub layer. Accordingly, this research paper intended to suggest detailed implementation plans for the improvement in landscape for city dwellers' use and relaxation; in other words, this paper focused on ecological build-up for the Influx of wild birds into the downtown area for the promotion of bio-diversity of species through the linkage of base green areas and the fostering of nature observing trails for citizens as well as the connecting of green areas through the build-up of roadside greens to make these green areas to be efficiently used as corridors for the influx of wild birds and bio-organism habitation and for citizens' using space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.15-31
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• 2022

This study interpreted the logical validity of the landscape restoration and maintenance patterns of Changgyeonggung Palace, where modern landscapes coexist. The results of the study are as follows; First, the changes in the landscape restoration and maintenance attitude concerning the Changgyeonggung management organization were identified. With the establishment of the Office of the Imperial Garden, an imperial property was nationalized. The Cultural Heritage Managing Department was opened in 1961, and Changgyeonggung Palace were preserved as designated as historical sites in 1963. An environmental purification was implemented by the Changgyeonggung Office as a follow-up measure for restoration in 1983. As the Cultural Heritage Administration promoted in 1999 and the Royal Palaces and Tombs Center was established in 2019, the palace has been managed professionally as a palace landscape to provide a viewing environment. Second, In the 'Purification Period of Changgyeongwon(1954~1977)', environmental purification was carried out to restore amusement facilities, install facilities for cherry blossom viewing, and develop the place into a national zoo. In the 'Reconstruction Period of Changgyeonggung(1983~1986)', restoring function as an urban park, reserving green areas, the outside space was recreated in the traditional feel, and the forest area was generally maintained. In the 'Supplementation Period of Traditional Landscape Architecture Space(1987~2009)', a uniform green landscape was created with pine trees and various vegetation landscapes centered on the flower beds. In the 'Improvement and Maintenance Period of Viewing Environment(2010~2022), a master plan was reestablished on the premise of utilization, but maintenance has been carried out in a small scale centering on unit space. Third, regarding the validity of the landscape restoration and maintenance, It was found in terms of 'originality' that the recovery of the palace system has not been expanded for over 40 years in existing areas. The 'characteristics of the times', which shows whether multi-layered history was taken into account, Changgyeongwon was excluded from the discussion in the process of setting the base year twice. In terms of 'integrity,' the area of the Grand Greenhouse where the historic states coexists needs a maintenance policy that binds the greenhouse, carpet flower bed, and Chundangji Pond. The 'utility' identified as the utilization of spaces suggests the establishment of a sense of place in the Grand Greenhouse area, which is concentrated with programs different from other areas.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.587-609
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• 2019

Short-and long-term stabilities of bentonite, favored material as buffer in geological repositories for high-level waste were reviewed in this paper in addition to alternative design concepts of buffer to mitigate the thermal load from decay heat of SF (Spent Fuel) and further increase the disposal efficiency. It is generally reported that the irreversible changes in structure, hydraulic behavior, and swelling capacity are produced due to temperature increase and vapor flow between $150{\sim}250^{\circ}C$. Provided that the maximum temperature of bentonite is less than $150^{\circ}C$, however, the effects of temperature on the material, structural, and mineralogical stability seems to be minor. The maximum temperature in disposal system will constrain and determine the amount of waste to be disposed per unit area and be regarded as an important design parameter influencing the availability of disposal site. Thus, it is necessary to identify the effects of high temperature on the performance of buffer and allow for the thermal constraint greater than $100^{\circ}C$. In addition, the development of high-performance EBS (Engineered Barrier System) such as composite bentonite buffer mixed with graphite or silica and multi-layered buffer (i.e., highly thermal-conductive layer or insulating layer) should be taken into account to enhance the disposal efficiency in parallel with the development of multilayer repository. This will contribute to increase of reliability and securing the acceptance of the people with regard to a high-level waste disposal.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.213-226
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• 2011

In global supply chain, the scheduling problems of large products such as ships, airplanes, space shuttles, assembled constructions, and/or automobiles are complicated by nature. New scheduling systems are often developed in order to reduce inherent computational complexity. As a result, a problem can be decomposed into small sub-problems, problems that contain independently small scheduling systems integrating into the initial problem. As one of the authors experienced, DAS (Daewoo Shipbuilding Scheduling System) has adopted a two-layered hierarchical architecture. In the hierarchical architecture, individual scheduling systems composed of a high-level dock scheduler, DAS-ERECT and low-level assembly plant schedulers, DAS-PBS, DAS-3DS, DAS-NPS, and DAS-A7 try to search the best schedules under their own constraints. Moreover, the steep growth of communication technology and logistics enables it to introduce distributed multi-nation production plants by which different parts are produced by designated plants. Therefore vertical and lateral coordination among decomposed scheduling systems is necessary. No standard coordination mechanism of multiple scheduling systems exists, even though there are various scheduling systems existing in the area of scheduling research. Previous research regarding the coordination mechanism has mainly focused on external conversation without capacity model. Prior research has heavily focuses on agent-based coordination in the area of agent research. Yet, no scheduling domain has been developed. Previous research regarding the agent-based scheduling has paid its ample attention to internal coordination of scheduling process, a process that has not been efficient. In this study, we suggest a general framework for agent-based coordination of multiple scheduling systems in global supply chain. The purpose of this study was to design a standard coordination mechanism. To do so, we first define an individual scheduling agent responsible for their own plants and a meta-level coordination agent involved with each individual scheduling agent. We then suggest variables and values describing the individual scheduling agent and meta-level coordination agent. These variables and values are represented by Backus-Naur Form. Second, we suggest scheduling agent communication protocols for each scheduling agent topology classified into the system architectures, existence or nonexistence of coordinator, and directions of coordination. If there was a coordinating agent, an individual scheduling agent could communicate with another individual agent indirectly through the coordinator. On the other hand, if there was not any coordinating agent existing, an individual scheduling agent should communicate with another individual agent directly. To apply agent communication language specifically to the scheduling coordination domain, we had to additionally define an inner language, a language that suitably expresses scheduling coordination. A scheduling agent communication language is devised for the communication among agents independent of domain. We adopt three message layers which are ACL layer, scheduling coordination layer, and industry-specific layer. The ACL layer is a domain independent outer language layer. The scheduling coordination layer has terms necessary for scheduling coordination. The industry-specific layer expresses the industry specification. Third, in order to improve the efficiency of communication among scheduling agents and avoid possible infinite loops, we suggest a look-ahead load balancing model which supports to monitor participating agents and to analyze the status of the agents. To build the look-ahead load balancing model, the status of participating agents should be monitored. Most of all, the amount of sharing information should be considered. If complete information is collected, updating and maintenance cost of sharing information will be increasing although the frequency of communication will be decreasing. Therefore the level of detail and updating period of sharing information should be decided contingently. By means of this standard coordination mechanism, we can easily model coordination processes of multiple scheduling systems into supply chain. Finally, we apply this mechanism to shipbuilding domain and develop a prototype system which consists of a dock-scheduling agent, four assembly- plant-scheduling agents, and a meta-level coordination agent. A series of experiments using the real world data are used to empirically examine this mechanism. The results of this study show that the effect of agent-based platform on coordinated scheduling is evident in terms of the number of tardy jobs, tardiness, and makespan.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the suitable of harvest time on the growth and quality of baby leafy vegetables (Agastsche rugosa O. Kuntze and Lepidium sativum L.) grown on rice seedling tray in a six-layered bench system at 30cm intervals in order to exploit the space during rice growing off-season. Seedlings were grown on the rice seedling tray for 10 days after sowing with coir substrate supplied with nutrient solution at EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ every 2 days prior to placing the tray on the bench, which were at $1^{st}$ (Low) layer above 20cm and $6^{th}$ (High) layer above 170cm apart from the ground. Growth and phytochemical contents were measured at 7-day and 14-day harvest time. During the culture periods, daily average of integrated solar radiation and temperature were $9.3{\sim}9.6MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$, $27.5^{\circ}C$ in the High layer and $5.1{\sim}6.2MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average, and $26.5{\sim}26.6^{\circ}C$ in the Low layer, respectively. For A. rugosa, the highest growth was observed in the Low layer bench at a 14-day harvest time, while their plant height in the High layer was shorter and the leaf number was lower. For L. sativum, the plant height, leaf length and width, leaf number and fresh weight were higher in the Low layer. For A. rugosa, a high yield was observed with the increase in integrated temperature and integrated solar radiation, while a higher yield of L. sativum was found with the increase in integrated temperature, but not with integrated solar radiation. For A. rugosa, both polyphenol and anthocyanin contents were higher in the High layer at a 14-day harvest time. For L. sativum, polyphenol contents were higher in the High layer, whereas no significant difference in anthocyanin and flavonoid contents was observed depending on the layer and harvest time. The highest chlorophyll content showed in Low layer at a 7-day harvest time in both A. rugose and L. sativum. All of the results suggest that in terms of growth and quality, it may be better growing in the high layer for 14 days after seedling in A. rugosa, and low layer for 7 days in L. sativum.