• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.1B
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• pp.73-85
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• 2004

SIn this paper, we introduce our experience for designing and implementing new concept of a global XML-based Peer-to-Peer (P2P) engine to support various P2P applications, and interconnection among PC, Web and mobile computing environments. The proposed P2P engine can support to heterogeneous data exchanges and web interconnection by facilitating with the text-base XML while message exchange are necessary. It is also to provide multi-level security functions as well as to apply different types of security algorithms. The system consist of four modules; a message dispatcher to scheduling and filtering the message, a SecureNet to providing security services and data transmission, a Discovery Manager to constructing peer-to-peer networking, and a Repository Manager to processing data management including XML documents. As a feasibility test, we implement various P2P services such as chatting as a communication service, white-board as an authoring tool set during collaborative working, and a file system as a file sharing service. We also compared the proposed system to a Gnutella in order to measure performance of the systems.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.170-181
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• 2008

Cost of construction project have to be estimated based on drawing before execution. Cost estimate and check would be performed numerously for preparing general outline of requirements and determining the budget at conceptual planning stage, for obtaining decision on every matter related to design, specification, construction and cost at design stage, and for predicting bidding cost. Thus, importance of cost estimation cannot emphasize too much in construction. However, there are lack of standard estimation method, process, and cost analysis method, that square foot estimation method is as used as eyer, in Korea. Thus, This research present the direction for improving cost estimation and management in construction; It is demanded that establishing standard data base methodology, multi-level database model CUBE, and standard cost planning process, choosing cost estimation methodology according to objectives and cost planning process, and making more experts.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.15B no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a new stereo correspondence method for generating excellent external energy for snake-based object segmentation methods in stereo images. Our method first generates an edge-based disparity map by performing stereo correspondence between multi-level edge maps of the stereo image pair. Only edges of similar strength are considered for matching. To filter the disparity map for edges of the object of interest, the method estimates the object's disparity value by matching the pattern of edges of the region of interest in the left image against candidate patterns in the right image. The filtered edge map is then used to generate external energy for the snake. The proposed method has been tested on two snake models and results show a noticeable enhancement on performance of the snake when compared with other methods.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.618-630
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• 2015

This study is to try to find citizenship needed in the age of glocalization and its implication for geography education. With formation of nation-state after modern, the rights and duties are applied to members of a state in a given territory. But Although states grant de jure citizenship, identity as a citizen is increasingly seen as something that is gained beyond and below the state. Citizenship might be conceived as relational rather than absolute, something that is constituted by its connections or network with different people and places rather than something defined by the borders of the nation-state. New space of citizenship has multiple dimension, and is fluid, mobile, multidimensional, transnational, negotiative. Citizenship operates in an increasingly complex web of overlapping spaces, and is reconceptualized as multiple citizenship based on multiscale. Citizenship should now be thought of as multi-level, reflecting individuals simultaneous membership of political communities at a variety of spatial scales and perhaps of non-territorial social groups. Thus, Citizenship education through geography should focus more on interconnected and layered multiple citizenship than bounded national citizenship.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1645-1653
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• 2014

In general, RGB, NIR, and thermal images are used for obtaining geospatial data. Such multiband images are collected via devices mounted on satellites or manned flights, but do not always meet users' expectations, due to issues associated with temporal resolution, costs, spatial resolution, and effects of clouds. We believe high-resolution, multiband images can be obtained at desired time points and intervals, by developing a payload suitable for a low-altitude, auto-piloted UAV. To achieve this, this study first established a low-cost, high-resolution multiband image collection system through developing a sensor and a payload, and collected geo-referencing data, as well as RGB, NIR and thermal images by using the system. We were able to obtain a 0.181m horizontal deviation and 0.203m vertical deviation, after analyzing the positional accuracy of points based on ortho mosaic images using the collected RGB images. Since this meets the required level of spatial accuracy that allows production of maps at a scale of 1:1,000~5,000 and also remote sensing over small areas, we successfully validated that the payload was highly utilizable.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.587-601
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• 1997

This study had three purposes: (1) to investigate the enrichment levels and dispersion patterns of potentially toxic elements in the rock-soil-plant system; (2) to evaluate the uptake ratios of heavy metals from soils into plants and (3) to assess the chemical speciation of heavy metals in soils. Rock, surface soil and plant samples were collected in the Boeun area underlain by black shales of the Okchon Zone. These samples were analyzed for multi-elements using INAA, ICP-AES and AAS. The maximum abundance of U in black shales is 16 mg/kg and radioactivity counts up to 300 cpm. In particular, Mo, V, Ba, Cd, Pb and U are enriched in black shales. Most of soils derived from black shales show high concentrations of U, As, Mo, Ba, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and mean concentrations of As and Mo in soils (20 mg/kg of As and 6.6 mg/kg of Mo) are higher than the permissible level suggested by Kloke (1979). Enrichment index values of soils are calculated and higher than 1.0 in the black shale area with the highest value of 6.4. Mean concentration of Cd in plants is higher than those of Cu, Pb and Zn. The concentration of Cd in plant species decreases in the order of Chinese cabbage > red pepper > soybean=sesame > rice stalk > com > rice grain. The biological absorption coefficients (BAC) in plants are in the order of Cd > Zn=Cu > Pb, which suggests that Cd is more bioavailable to plants than Cu, Pb and Zn. From the results of sequential extraction analysis of soils, relatively high proportion of Cu, Pb and Zn are present as residual fractions whereas that of Cd as non-residual fractions. Cadmuim occurs predominantly as exchangeable/water-acid soluble phase in soils, and Cd is more mobile and bioavailable than Cu, Pb and Zn.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.83-108
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• 2011

This qualitative study is designated to explore the reality of social welfare related to the co-occurence of domestic violence and child maltreatment in Korea. "Alone and Together" is elicited as the main theme from the analysis of social workers' experiences with the co-occurence problem in the two fields of domestic violence and child maltreatment. Despite the fact that the social workers are aware of the co-occurence problem embedded in their field cases, they don't assess and intervene with the problem on set purpose. Each field has dealt with the problem according to the field priority for either women or children separately. However, the social workers in the both fields desire alternatives effective for their cooperation and linkage to each other when confronted with the intersection of interdependent needs and problem-solving for the woman and the child. The development of multi-level research, assessment tools, and compulsory education courses for practitioners related to the co-occurence problem is suggested.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to explore levels of stroke knowledge and identify subgroups with lower levels of stroke knowledge among adults in Korea. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used and data were collected in 2012. A national sample of 990 Koreans aged 20 to 74 years participated in this study. Knowledge of risk factors, warning signs, and first action for stroke were surveyed using face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics and decision tree analysis were performed using SPSS WIN 20.0 and Answer Tree 3.1. Results: Mean score for stroke risk factor knowledge was 7.7 out of 10. The least recognized risk factor was diabetes and four subgroups with lower levels of knowledge were identified. Score for knowledge of stroke warning signs was 3.6 out of 6. The least recognized warning sign was sudden severe headache and six subgroups with lower levels of knowledge were identified. The first action for stroke was recognized by 65.7 percent of participants and four subgroups with lower levels of knowledge were identified. Conclusion: Multi-faceted education should be designed to improve stroke knowledge among Korean adults, particularly focusing on subgroups with lower levels of knowledge and less recognition of items in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.297-310
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• 2007

Recent evidence has demonstrated that the pollutant recirculation can play an important role in leading to high ozone $(O_3)$ concentrations. In this study, the MM5-CAMx air quality modeling system was applied to simulate the pollutant recirculation and identify the transport of pollution during the high $O_3$ event (the maximum $O_3$ of 195 ppb) observed in the Greater Seoul Area (GSA) on $1{\sim}4$ June in 2004. The results showed a weak northeasterly synoptic wind during the night and early morning moved the air parcels containing the locally emitted urban pollution to the coast, which contributed to enhance $O_3$ formation in the southwest part of the GSA. As the sea breeze developed and started to penetrate inland in the late afternoon, the rapid build-up of $O_3$ concentration was found in the southwest coastal area due to the recirculation of the polluted air loaded with high level $O_3$. The simulated backward trajectories and observations at coastal sites confirmed the recirculation of pollutant with the late sea breeze is the dominant factor affecting the occurrence of high $O_3$ concentrations in the southwestern GSA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.389-390
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• 2012

In this study, we fabricate a superhydrophobic surface made of hierarchical nanostructures that combine wax crystalline structure with moth-eye structure using vacuum cluster system and measure their hydrophobicity and durability. Since the lotus effect was found, much work has been done on studying self-cleaning surface for decades. The surface of lotus leaf consists of multi-level layers of micro scale papillose epidermal cells and epicuticular wax crystalloids [1]. This hierarchical structure has superhydrophobic property because the sufficiently rough surface allows air pockets to form easily below the liquid, the so-called Cassie state, so that the relatively small area of water/solid interface makes the energetic cost associated with corresponding water/air interfaces smaller than the energy gained [2]. Various nanostructures have been reported for fabricating the self-cleaning surface but in general, they have the problem of low durability. More than two nanostructures on a surface can be integrated together to increase hydrophobicity and durability of the surface as in the lotus leaf [3,5]. As one of the bio-inspired nanostructures, we introduce a hierarchical nanostructure fabricated with a high vacuum cluster system. A hierarchical nanostructure is a combination of moth-eye structure with an average pitch of 300 nm and height of 700 nm, and the wax crystalline structure with an average width and height of 200 nm. The moth-eye structure is fabricated with deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process. $SiO_2$ layer is initially deposited on a glass substrate using PECVD in the cluster system. Then, Au seed layer is deposited for a few second using DC sputtering process to provide stochastic mask for etching the underlying $SiO_2$ layer with ICP-RIE so that moth-eye structure can be fabricated. Additionally, n-hexatriacontane paraffin wax ($C_{36}H_{74}$) is deposited on the moth-eye structure in a thermal evaporator and self-recrystallized at $40^{\circ}C$ for 4h [4]. All of steps are conducted utilizing vacuum cluster system to minimize the contamination. The water contact angles are measured by tensiometer. The morphology of the surface is characterized using SEM and AFM and the reflectance is measured by spectrophotometer.