• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Nucleotide sequence in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA among mulberry varieties (Morus species) were analyzed in order to identify the possibility of classification for the species. The variations in the ITS regions were compared among 9 mulberry varieties and one variety of Cudrania species as an outgroup. ITS 1 region of the varieties ranging from 219 to 220 bp in length was 49-50 bp shorter than ITS 2 region. Of 510 sites in the ITS 1 and 2 regions, 148 sites were potentially variable, of which 52% and 48% sites were distributed in ITS 1 and ITS 2 regions, respectively. By pairwise comparisons on the nucleotide sequences in the ITS 1 and 2 regions among 9 mulberry varieties, they were classified into 5 groups. Divergence values of the sequences, however, were considerably low ranging from 0 to 1.3%. Especially, there was no divergence among Backasipmunja, Chungilppong and Milsungpong and Jungyasang, Ssarigol II and Yulbon, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 2010

This study explores the solution of a variety of conditions of the natural dyeing with the Mulberry. To obtain this, the Cu complex compound was added into the extracts. The Mulberry extract was added the Copper acetate to obtain the Black sediment the metal complex compound of anthocyanidin. According to the result of using the complex compound of the solid material, the dyeing properties were excellent. The metal complex compound acted as a mordant, thus it reduced the process of mordanting in the natural dying.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 1995

Isolation and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. from mulberry shoot rot and severity of diseases which were known as bacterial blight were examined on four mulberry varieties in Suwon, Kongju and Chuncheon, A symptom of mulberry shoot rot was initiated long brown spot on young leaves and shoots. It was developed into dark brown spot and produced white mycelia and spores on the diseased symptoms. A symptom of bacterial blight showed leaf rolling and water soaking spot and produced bacterial ooze on leaf and shoot However later stage of upper two types of symptom was hardly distinguished. Severities of shoot rot and bacterial blight were 7.5% and 4.4% in Suwon, respectively. Isolation of Fusarium spp. on shoot rot symptoms was highter than that on bacterial blight symptoms, but isolation of Pseudomonas spp. was higher on bacterial blight symptoms. Trends of pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were similar to inoculation works, and isolations of pathogenic Fusarium spp. from center of symptom was higher than that from 30cm of symptom of all samples in three cultivation areas. Disease severities of shoot rot on variety of Kaeryangppong were 13.9%, 15.9% and 17.2% in Suwon, Kongju and Chuncheon, respectively. However variety of Cheongolppong was highly resistant to shoot rot disease in three cultivation areas.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2018

This study was carried out to understand phylogenetic relationships of the 30 mulberry cultivars converved in Korea based on the ITS rDNA region, and they were compared to 40 reference sequences from GenBank. The size and the G+C content of the ITS rDNA gene regions from the 30 Korean mulberry cultivars and 40 reference sequences varied from 612-630 bp and 58.19-61.62%, respectively. Based on the results of the comparative phylogenetic analysis of the ITS rDNA regions of the 30 Korean mulberry cultivars and 40 reference sequences, they were divided into three groups (Group 1, 2, and 3) and two subgroups (Group 1A and 1B within Group 1). The sequence lengths of the Korean mulberry cultivar numbers 1-26 and 27-30 were 615 bp and 616 bp, respectively. At 205 bp location of ITS1 rDNA region, the cultivar numbers 1-26 contain the nucleotide thymine but the cultivar numbers 27-30 contain the nucleotide adenine. In addition, the insertion of the nucleotide adenine at 206 bp location was found only in the four Korean mulberry cultivars (numbers 27-30). Based on these sequence information and phylogenetic result, the 30 Korean mulberry cultivars were identified as M. alba and M. australis. This study will contribute to the construction of genetic database constructions and accurate variety identifications for unidentified mulberry varieties in Korea.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2023

Mulberry exhibits unique characteristics and functionalities across various components, including the roots, branches, leaves, and fruits. However, despite numerous studies on mulberry, research on this plant at the seedling stage is insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the suitability for seedling cultivation and antioxidant effects of four Korean mulberry cultivars, namely, Daesim, Suhong, Simgang, and Cheongsu. In terms of seed weight, germination rate, and growth rate, Daesim was the most suitable cultivar for seedling production. Polyphenol and flavonoid content analysis showed that all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, showed the highest phenolic content at the 2-week seedling stage. Similarly, antioxidant assays using 2,2'-azino-di-3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals revealed that the antioxidant effect of all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, increased with cultivation at 2- 4- and 6-week. However, mulberry seedlings had a slower reaction rate against DPPH radical removal than mulberry leaves. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a different correlation with polyphenol content. This phenomenon may be due to the different polyphenol compositions between mulberry leaves and seedlings. The results of this study suggest that mulberry seedlings exhibit different bioactivities from mulberry leaves, and component analysis is required in further research.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.201-203
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• 2008

A field study on self trap cropping system in controlling tukra mealy bug Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green) incidence on mulberry (Morus spp.; V-1 variety; $3'{\times}3'$ spacing) gardens was undertaken in selected sericulture farmers' mulberry gardens of Pydeti village (Parigi Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India). The study was conducted for three years (2004, 2005 and 2006). Four treatments (T0; control/no treatment, T1; self trap cropping rows with 10 row interval, T2; self trap cropping rows with 10 row interval and treating these rows only with 0.5% neem oil emulsion and T3; self trap cropping rows with 10 rows intervals and treating all the mulberry rows including self trap cropping rows with 0.5% neem oil emulsion) were considered. The results indicated that the incidence increased in T0 and T1 while the same suppressed in T2 and T3. The suppression (%) of tukra incidence between T2 and T3 was not significant. Hence, T2 only was recommended to farmers as its economical viable practice. The results are discussed based on the importance of tukra, its suppression and cost of treatment.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to study the efficiency of cyanobacterial biofertilizer (CBB) with chemical (NPK) fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characters of mulberry variety Kanva-2. Their influences on silkworm growth and cocoon characters were also studied. Ten different CBB and NPK fertilizer treatments were given to 5000 plants of established mulberry garden. Treatments were of four types viz., (i) T1 to T7: single and combination dose of CBB+50% NPK (ii) T8: combination dose of CBB + 25%NPK, (iii) T9: CBB only and (iv) T10: control-l00% NPK. Soil pH decreased and nutrients status increased in CBB (T1- T9) treated plots. Average of ten crops data on quantitative traits revealed that T7 (CBB [N. muscorum (1.0 g), A. variahilis (1.0) and S. millei (1.0 g)] + 50% NPK) was very effective in improving growth parameters. Leaf yield was also found high in treatment T7 (32.12 tons/ha/yr.) followed by T10 (31.17 tons/ha/yr.) and T8 (27.67 tons/ha/yr.). Leaf quality characters were found high in T7 and low in T9. Most of the quality traits in T7 are on par with control no. The results revealed that reduction in the dose of chemical fertilizers in T7 did not affect the leaf yield and leaf quality traits of mulberry. This clearly indicates that the efficiency of CBB (T7) provides nitrogen, increases essential nutrients available in soil, maintain soil pH and supply growth substances required for the improvement of leaf yield and leaf quality of mulberry. Bioassay study also revealed no significant difference in silkworm growth and cocoon characters between treatments T7 and T10. Economics calculated revealed that T7 is highly economical and beneficial over T10 by gaining an amount of Rs. 660/-/acre/crop. Thus, treatment T7 containing N. muscorum (1.0 g), A. variahilis (1.0 g) and S. millei (1.0 g) + 50% NPK fertilizers can be recommended to sericulturists mainly to reduce the use of NPK fertilizers, by saving 50% of its cost and to improve soil fertility conditions, which in turn improves leaf yield and quality of mulberry.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.255-259
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• 2004

Post-infectional biochemical changes due to Xanthomonas campestris pv. mori (Xcm) infection in five elite mulberry varieties viz., $S_1$, $S_{1635}$, $V_1$, RF $S_{175}$ and JRH was studied under inoculated condition. It was revealed that total soluble sugar and protein content was significantly declined in all the varieties due to X. campestris infection. Total phenol content was at par prior to inoculation in all varieties, but it was significantly increased in $S_1$, RF $S_{175}$, $S_{1635}$ and JRH 7 days after inoculation. The correlation coefficient (r) between total soluble sugar and total phenol content was found positive (r = 0.825) and statistically significant. Similarly, correlation coefficient (r) between total soluble protein and phenol content was found positive (r = 0.897) and statistically significant. The present study indicates that X. campestris infected leaves are nutritionally inferior in quality and the duration of phenol production in a mulberry variety play decisive role on disease resistance.nce.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

Much attention has been focused on the activity of the natural antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables, because potentially these components may reduce the level of oxidative stress. Especially, mulberry leaves containing many natural components are considerable resource for natural antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves was investigated with minilum L-100 device and ARAW-KIT (anti-radical ability of water-soluble substance), in comparison to the ascorbic acid. The antioxidant capacity of 16 varieties was 3303.4 nmol at opening stage of five leaves in spring. The highest stage of antioxidant capacity (3708.0 nmol) and yield rate was just before the coloration stage with anthocyanin in fruits, whereas the lowest stage was middle of June (2231.6 nmol) and about two months growing stage after summer pruning (2064.6 nmol). But after summer pruning, the antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves increased gradually until just before fallen leaves stage. Even if samples were same variety, antioxidant effect of those showed different results according to collected regions. Also, antioxidant effect of mulberry leaves were higher than that of branches. The antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves and fruits (Morus alba L., M. bombycis Koidz, and M. Lhou (Ser.) Koidz) collected from In-je, Won-ju and Yang-yang regions, Kang-won province, Korea, was investigated. The results indicated that total antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves was 2711.2 nmol. In the antioxidant capacity analysis of Jeollabuk-Do genetic resources, autumn's mulberry leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity than that of spring's it. To investigate the effect of tea on antioxidative capacity, five kinds of tea(coffee mix, green tea added brown rice, mulberry leaf tea, Polygonatum odoratum tea and black tea added lemon) were selected and analyzed. Their's anti-oxidative capacity were 2,531.01 nmol, 1,867.42 nmol, 1,053.72 nmol, 292.71 nmol and 188.91 nmol, respectively. The antioxidative capacity of drinking water soaked with mulberry leaf showed 891.96 nmol.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2022

Mulberry is a hardy, perennial, deep-rooted plant capable of thriving under diverse agroclimatic conditions. The selection of suitable land and appropriate variety can help the sustainable mulberry field. However, no conclusive and comprehensive investigation has been conducted on the mulberry soil properties and nutritional composition of mulberry cultivars from Korea local areas in previous studies. In our study, soil properties and mulberry leaf components of Korea local mulberry farms were briefly investigated. In result, the soil organic matter (OM) content was significantly high in Buan (6.81%) and Jangseong (6.14%). In contrast, available phosphate (P₂O₅) was different in each local area. To investigate relationship between soil property and nutritive component of mulberry leaf, Cheongil leaf samples from 8 local areas were analyzed. Among the macrominerals (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺), the concentration of K varied from (1884±9.36) mg/100 g to (2685±11.5) mg/100 g. The potassium (K⁺) of Cheongil leaf in Sangju was the highest at 2685 mg/100 g. Besides macrominerals, flavonoids, total dietary fiber contents and moisture of Cheongil leaf samples were studied in the 8 local areas. In terms of these contents, the variation was largely depending on the local areas. This study provides a possible industrial use of mulberry, and holds promise to enhance the overall profitability of sericulture.