• KIEAE Journal
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

This study purposed to review the alternative criteria for preserving urban scenic view and establishing its management methods by selecting preliminary viewpoints to preserve the views of woomyeon mountain. The contents of this research consists of the representative urban scenic view by analyzing its viewpoints and landscape preference. For this study, seventeen preliminary viewpoints were selected, the ratio of visual structure was calculated by types of landscapes and an analysis was conducted on landscape preference through a questionnaire survey to draw results. Conclusively, various side studies through statistical method for characteristic analysis with preference elements about viewpoint and visual structure for urban landscape management. This research will contribute to management on objective point of view in environmentally friendly urban landscape planning.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Due to the Korea's topographic characteristic, there are a lot of marine bridges to connect between islands and mainland. In addition, marine bridges play an important role in a regional landscape. For these reasons, landscape design of bridge is necessary in order to improve beautification of region. So, this studies analyzed image and landscape preference of marine bridges in rural area. The main results were summarized as follows: When rating the image of the background in sea and mountain image, 'stable' and 'natural' were rated highly. When rating the image of the arch bridge in sea and mountain image, 'beautiful', and 'attractive' were rated highly. When rating the image of the cable-stayed bridge in sea and mountain image, 'splendid', and 'attractive' were rated highly. When rating the image of the suspension bridge in sea and mountain image, 'beautiful', and 'splendid' were rated highly. Next, When rating the image of the background in sea and building image, 'stable' and 'natural' were rated highly. When rating the image of the arch bridge in sea and building image, 'beautiful', and 'splendid' were rated highly. When rating the image of the cable-stayed bridge in sea and building image, 'beautiful', and 'attractive' were rated highly. When rating the image of the suspension bridge in sea and building image, 'beautiful', and 'attractive' were rated highly. And, The image of suspension bridges in sea and mountain image is more highly preferred than other image. The background in sea and mountain image is landscape of the lowest preference. In the mountain and sea image, the preference of suspension bridge landscape has the highest rating. In the sea and building image, the preference of arch bridge landscape has the highest rating. In conclusion, the results illustrate that the marine bridge's shape and its background in rural area are important elements of a visual preference. When designing the marine bridge, designer have to choose a proper bridge shape for its background. However, this research's limitation is that this research consider only bridge shape and background to analyze landscape preference of marine bridges. Therefore, further research is necessary to consider various elements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

This study was conducted a visual landscape resources inventory and grade assessment on natural resources and cultural resources of Chiaksan National Park. Landscapes of National Parks are categorized into four types: seascape, mountain landscape, village landscape, and temple historical landscape. Landscape lists were constructed for each district for a total of 120 lists through field research on 7 trails. The landscape list per trail has Guryong~Birobong(31%), Seungnam~Namdaebong(22%), Geumdae~Namdaebong(16%), Bugok~Hanenggu(165), Hwanggol~Ipseoksa(6%), Hyangrobong~Nandaebong(5%) and Godeunjae~Wontonggol(4%). Landscape Assessment items were divided into five characteristics of view, unique, use, history culture, natural reflected by item. Items were divided into three grades of landscape by 4, 3, 2, 1 for each item of the assessment criteria and Delphi survey. Mountain landscapes were assessed in I grade of 72 sites, II grade of 26 sites, III grade of 7 sites. Temple Historical landscapes were assessed in I grade of 4 sites, II grade of 7 sites, III grade of 4 sites. The study results can be used as a basis for mountain parks management. It is necessary to focus on managing the landscape of I grade site. The higher ratings of the Mountain landscapes are related to the view and natural score. Also, the grading of Temple Historical landscapes is related to the history cultural, natural and use score. In addition, the mountain landscape were identified as being included outside landscape resources, the place of landscape resources with outside ratings were higher and the view was related. Landscape management is needed for the conservation of Mountain landscape and Temple Historical landscape type rating as excellent areas on the basis of the results of the inventory and assessment. For future improvement the Guryong-Birobong trail is judged as a harmonious representative landscape of the Mountain and Temple Historical landscape and will require conservation as a focus management area. In the case of Mountain landscape improvements, maintenance such as pruning trees, wood observatory and interpretation sign for a landscape with minimal inhibitory landscaping is needed. When installing artificial facilities in the Temple Historical landscapes, the use of materials harmonizing with the surroundings landscape must be considered as well as the standards of facilities limitation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the fragmented points of mountain ranges in Daegu metropolitan city using New Sangyeongpyo (Chart of Mountain Ranges), road system map and GIS spatial analysis, and to prioritize the identified fragmented points for restoration based on quantitative assessment. Moreover, this study proposes restoration plans reflecting the assessment results and characteristics of each fragmented point. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First of all, analysis of the distribution of mountain ranges in Daegu metropolitan city showed that jimaek and semaek in Daegu account for 2% of all mountain ranges in the country, implying that the mountain ranges of Daegu do not hold significant ranking on a national level. However, it was found that numerous fragmented points are appearing due to roads. According to the analysis, 35 fragmented points were identified, of which 15 were found to be restorable. In terms of restoration potential and involved risks, assessment results of the 15 fragmented points indicated that 6 points are at Grade I, 3 points are at Grade II and 6 points are at Grade III. Therefore, a methodology of restoring fragmented mountain ranges was proposed through three suggestions of restoration plans that consider the characteristics of each fragmented points. The results of this study are expected to be highly useful as basic data for effective restoration of mountain ranges in connection with mountain range restorations and relevant projects implemented on a national level in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

Korea's traditional Sokgasans(a artificial rock mountain) are elements of our excellent rock garden culture that have been inherited from Goryeo Era to Chosun Era. This study is to analyze how the culture of Sokgasans in the Goryeo and the Chosun Eras has been has been representated the implications and inherited in terms of historical aspects. Korea's traditional Sokgasans, which were created in the Goryeo Era by imitating the landscape of mountain ranges, created a small artificial mountain made of oddly shaped stones, imitating a real mountain. People in those days would reproduce mountain landscapes through a miniaturization technique, enjoying the pleasure of deep mountains and valleys as they lay on their gardens at home while having an aesthetic experience of the landscape that supported their emotional stability and healing. The inner side of these Sokgasan was intended to represent the world of the Taoist hermit with miraculous powers in terms of utopia, expressing 5 Ak mountains(Song Shan, Taishan, Huashan, Heng Shan and Hyeong Shan) where the mountain of 3 Gods(Youngju, Bongrae and Bangjang) wishing for 'No aging and living long' and idea of the Taoist hermit with miraculous powers are concentrated beyond the beauty of form in the landscape itself. In addition, people could refine their minds by practicing the Confucianist lesson of loving the mountain and water by watching the Sokgasan and imitating 'Famous mountains and lakes" from China and they had been changed and advanced embracing various implications in inner side of Sokgasans. Korea's traditional Sokgasans not only made it possible for people to experience aesthetic landscapes as a practical element of the scenery but also had deep symbolic implications that go beyond their formal beauty and were sublimated as an ideational space of unlimited imagination.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2018

This study comprehends that the landscape of Ipsan Village is the accumulated output of the landscape management and social behavior by the historic personages through the reference research and field surveys. And the study sorted out the over-layered landscape characteristics of Ipsan Village by analyzing the dispersed landscape elements as follows. First, right before the start of Japanese invasions to Korea(1592-98), Tamjin(耽津) An(安) Family moved into Ipsan and started establishing the a single clan village. At a site with mountain background and facing the water(背山臨水), the village used to be a typical farming one with an organically planned road-system and housing area following the traditional order. However, the landscape has changed drastically since the 20th century with the construction of banks, roads and readjustment of arable land etc. Second, the original landscape, which can be figured out through the 'Gosanjaesibyukgyeong(高山齋十六景)' in the 18th century, shows its harmony with natural landscape: mountain & valley, stream & field, traditional trees, etc, cultural landscape: village, well, spring, etc, and momentary landscape: seasons, time, weather phenomena, sound, behavior, etc. Third, based on the second, 16 natural landscape elements: mountain & stream, planting, etc. and 25 cultural landscape elements: housing spaces, self-cultivation & ceremony spaces, community spaces and modern education & enlightenment spaces were selected and interpreted as landscaping meanings. Fourth, the over-layered landscape which stems from the compositive functions and inter-connectivity of landscape elements which consists Ipsan Village is regarded as 'Natural geographical and Fungsu landscape', 'Rural production and livelihood landscape', 'Confucian ceremony and symbolic landscape' and 'Modern education and enlightenment landscape.'

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.72-84
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• 2008

Since enactment of the Baekdu-Mountain Range protection law in Dec. 31st 2003, great interest arose in recovery of the natural environment in the Baekdu-Mountain Range. Since the Baekdu-Mountain Range has formed boundaries between different regions and it is the mountain that crosses our country from East to West, there are so many roads that penetrate this area. Slopes made by the construction of roads have poor foundation for the growth of vegetation and it takes a long period to restore only with natural restoration force. For this reason, various methods of revegetation to restore the damages are implemented but until now, revegetation of domestic soil cutting slopes are mainly covered by foreign import grasses to stabilize and cover grounds early. As we depended upon foreign import grasses for slopes revegetation, the landscape did not match in harmony with surrounding vegetation and therefore, we could see that these foreign grasses are withered in 2~3 years after the revegetation works and slopes become barren again. However, currently, there are no applicable standards for designs of green hill, desirable revegetation methods for the hill areas, roads and recovery models. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the status of revegetation plants and revegetation methods for the hill areas of the Baekdu-Mountain Range (azimuth, degree of tilt, and tilted places). Based on this, we attempted to find the desirable recovery models for the hill areas of the Baekdu-Mountain Range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

This study intends to suggest the improvements for the legal systems related to the conservation of mountain ridge areas. The 4 legal systems directly related to the conservation of mountain ridge areas are reviewed and the current conditions of adaptive reuse of mountain areas and destroy cases in Hwasung are examined. For solving the problems on the basis of the analysis, three proposals for the improvement on legal systems are suggested. First, the integration of present dual legal systems related to adaptive reuse of mountain areas on the assumption that the related criteria and provisions should be amended, second, activation of the legal systems such as natural landscape district and natural landscape review to make up for the laws related to adaptive reuse of mountain areas, third, the enactment and application of the ordinances related with the 'mountain area management law'.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

The Korean rural landscape has changed significantly due to nationwide modernization and industrialization in recent years. Moreover, as urbanization progresses due to population and economic growth, rural areas surrounding the suburbs of cities are feeling the pressure of encroaching urban sprawl. Use of land for human-made structures such as road and housing development is also increasing, resulting in the destruction of nature in rural areas. Adopting a concept of conserving rural landscape in future development projects is therefore highly desirable.The main focus of this study is to look into the traditional concept of the village and to classify some elements of the traditional rural landscape. Daegu Metropolitan City, the third metropolitan city in Korea, is chosen as the subject of the study. The existing 227 villages have been studied on the basis of their principles and types of village locations in relation to the traditional concepts of 'Feng-shui' and 'Tackriji'. The characteristics of the village location are divided into two aspects: the natural landscape, such as topography, hydrosphere, and azimuth, and the historical and cultural landscape, such as customs(Only the natural landscape aspect is included in this study). The natural landscape, a condition of the village location, is divided into three areas: topography, hydrosphere, and azimuth. There are two types of topography: flatland type and mountain type. There are two sub-types in the mountain type: ridge and valley, which depend on the village location in relation to the shapes of the mountains. There are four types of hydrosphere which include waterways and three directions of mountain depending on the shape: front, behind and side. The direction of the village is analyzed from the direction which the houses in the village face. Therefore, the natural landscape element as a condition of the village location is closely related to the traditional concepts of the village.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.687-695
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify landscape paintings of our ancestors in types and characteristics of beautiful natural scenery. In this study, 629 landscape paintings targeted natural scenery of the Joseon Dynasty period are used and classified into types of natural scenery by main target of paintings. As the results of this study, landscape paintings are classified into mountain, river, sea, city by place drawing painting. The paintings drawn in mountain are classified into a few mountain peaks, many mountain peaks, one mountain peak, curious rock of mountain, valley and waterfall. The paintings drawn in river are classified into river and mountain, river water, scenery of riverside and curious rock of river. The paintings drawn in sea are classified into scenery of seaside and curious rock of sea. And the paintings drawn in city are classified into panoramic view of the town. The type of natural scenery in landscape paintings can be summarized in 3, scenery of mountain peaks, scenery of curious rock peaks and waterspace when combine place drawing painting.