• 한국균학회지
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• 제26권4호통권87호
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• pp.478-486
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• 1998

The isolates of Rhizopus collected from Korean traditional fermented food meju and nuruk, were compared with the well known species of Rhizopus donated. The isolates of Rhizopus were identified with the numerical analyses calculated from RAPD-DNA bands, and confirmed with the microscopic observations of morphological features on PDA. The isolates of R. oryzae purchased were segregated through the results of RAPD or the morphological features. The species of R. nigricans, known as an illegitimate species, were different from those of R. stolonife and it is estimated that they are species of Rhizopus, again. According to microscopic observations and the result of RAPD, Some isolates of R. oryzae purchased belong to R. nigricans and are completely different from R. oryzae in their growth. The isolates of R. nigricans included with several isolates of R. oryzae identified for the different phenotypes and were heterogenous. The isolate of R. oligosporus were speculated to be different from morphological features of Rhizopus, but to be similar to the species of Absidia on the apophysis of sporangium. Its sporangiophore or mycelium was observed to be dark black, but the sporangia were not in those of R. oligosporus. The isolates collected from Korean traditional nuruk showed genetic diversity, and also considered to be different tastes in Korean rice wines.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.260-264
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• 2011

Leaf structure is one of the important agronomic traits. A rolled leaf mutant was induced from an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treated japonica rice, 'Koshihikari'. The rolled leaf mutant showed phenotypes of reduced leaf width and leaf rolling. In addition, several abnormal morphological characteristics were observed, including dwarfism, defected panicle, delayed germination, and lower seed-setting. Microscopic analysis revealed that the number of small veins was decreased and the sizes of adaxial bulliform cells were reduced in the mutant leaves. The genetic study with two $F_2$ populations from the crosses of the rolled leaf mutant with 'Koshihikari' and Milyang23 suggested that the mutant phenotype might be controlled by a single dominant gene.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

Optimal shoot regeneration and transformation conditions of root type chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus cv Cesare) were studied. Leaf explants were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which contained NPTII as a selectable marker and a rice homeotic gene, OsMADS1, that encodes a MADS-domain-containing transcription factor. After one day of co-cultivation, explants were transferred to selection media consisting of MS basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP, 0.1 mg/L IAA, 70 mg/L kanamycin, and 250 mg/L cefotaxime. PCR and Southern blot analyses revealed stable integration of the OsMADS1 gene in the chicory genome. Four-teen original transgenic plants ($T_o$ plants) were acclimatized in the greenhouse and examined for their morphological characters. Most of the transgenic plants showed altered morphologies, such as short, bushy, and early-flowering phenotypes with reduced apical dominance. Additionally, half of the transgenic plants exhibited altered leaf shapes, and 4 out of 14 plants were sterile. These phenotypes were inherited by the next generation. Northern blot analysis confirmed expression of the OsMADS1 gene in both floral and vegetative organs.

• 한국농림기상학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농림기상학회 2015년도 하계 학술발표논문집
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• pp.18-28
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• 2015

Apple is cultivated under various climatic conditions in many parts of the world. Better understanding of how climate, genotype, soil, and management factors interact to determine crop productivity will improve our ability to optimize crop selection, management strategies, and resource use efficiencies. We developed and applied a physiology-based apple canopy model to evaluate how climatic factors and crop phenotypes interact to determine biomass accumulation, radiation use efficiency (RUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) at multiple production sites between western and eastern states of the US including WA, CA, NY, WV, and PA. Our results indicate that solar radiation is a dominant factor limiting biomass production in the eastern states while VPD is the primary factor governing crop water use across eastern and western states during the peak growing season. Crop RUE and WUE were strongly correlated in the western states but not in the eastern states while VPD showed highly negative correlation with both RUE and WUE across all locations. The RUE improved with increasing fraction of diffuse radiation ($f_{df}$) and the $RUE-f_{df}$ relationships revealed distinctive responses between western and eastern states. Overall, the eastern locations exhibited slightly higher RUE and WUE than the western locations. However, overall productivity and total water use were greater in the western states. A clear decline of productivity with increasing temperature and afternoon VPD past an optimum was predicted in the western locations but this pattern was less clear in the eastern locations. We also discuss potential phenotypes with specific physiological and morphological traits that are differentially suitable for western and eastern locations. Our results provide plausible, spatially explicit explanations and insights to disentangle the complex relationships between crop productivity, resource use efficiencies, phenotype, and climate drivers in apple grown in the US.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.116-126
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• 2023

Mainly due to the slanted focus on the mechanism and regulation of neuronal aging, research on astrocyte aging and its modulation during brain aging is scarce. In this study, we established aged astrocyte culture model by long-term culturing. Cellular senescence was confirmed through SA-β-gal staining as well as through the examination of morphological, molecular, and functional markers. RNA sequencing and functional analysis of astrocytes were performed to further investigate the detailed characteristics of the aged astrocyte model. Along with aged phenotypes, decreased astrocytic proliferation, migration, mitochondrial energetic function and support for neuronal survival and differentiation has been observed in aged astrocytes. In addition, increased expression of cytokines and chemokine-related factors including plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 (PAI-1) was observed in aged astrocytes. Using the RNA sequencing results, we searched potential drugs that can normalize the dysregulated gene expression pattern observed in long-term cultured aged astrocytes. Among several candidates, minoxidil, a pyrimidine-derived anti-hypertensive and anti-pattern hair loss drug, normalized the increased number of SA-β-gal positive cells and nuclear size in aged astrocytes. In addition, minoxidil restored up-regulated activity of PAI-1 and increased mitochondrial superoxide production in aged astrocytes. We concluded that long term culture of astrocytes can be used as a reliable model for the study of astrocyte senescence and minoxidil can be a plausible candidate for the regulation of brain aging.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2011

Transgenic zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) expressing the bar gene inserted in the plant genome has been generated previously through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The GM zoysiagrass (event: JG21) permits efficient management of weed control of widely cultivated zoysiagrass fields, reducing the frequency and cost of using various herbicides for weed control. Now we have carried out the environmental risk assessment of JG21 prior to applying to the governmental regulatory agency for the commercial release of the GM turf grass outside of test plots. The morphological phenotypes, molecular analysis, weediness and gene flow from each test plot of JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrasses have been evaluated by selectively analyzing environmental effects. There were no marked differences in morphological phenotypes between JG21 and wild-type grasses. The JG21 retained its stable integration in the host plant in T1 generation, exhibiting a 3:1 segregation ratio according to the Mendelian genetics. We confirmed the copy number (1) of JG21 by using Southern blot analysis, as the transgenic plants were tolerant to ammonium glufosinate throughout the culture period. From cross-fertilization and gene flow studies, we found a 9% cross-pollination rate at the center of JG21 field and 0% at distances over 3 m from the field. The JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrass plants are not considered "weed" because zoysiagrasses generally are not dominant and do not spread into weedy areas easily. We assessed the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the transgene DNA to soil microorganisms from JG21 and wild-type plants. The bar gene was not detected from the total genomic DNA extracted from each rhizosphere soil of GM and non-GM Zoysia grass fields. Through the monitoring of JG21 transgene's unintentional release into the environment, we found no evidence for either pollen mediated gene flow of zoysiagrass or seed dispersal from the test field within a 3 km radius of the natural habitat.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.408-421
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• 2000

We tried to establish the culture method of the chondrocyte isolated from the epiphyseal cartilage and to investigate morphological changes of chondrocyte cultured with enzyme-digested costal cartilage, the perichondrium and experimentally damaged meniscus of rabbit. De novo chondrocyte pellets were prepared from epiphyseal plates by culturing isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes from 4 week. old rabbits. We morphologically assessed the cartilage formation of the chondrocyte culture with enzyme-digested costal carilage, the perichondrial culture, the cultured chondrocytes transplants into experimentally damaged meniscus of rabbits, the perichondrial culture, the cultured chondrocytes transplants into experimentally damaged meniscus of rabbit. In the 24 days, the epiphyseal chondrocytes maintained the typical phenotypes of the partial nodular cell formation. The 30 days cryopreserved chondrocytes showed abnormal and irregular shape. In the type II collagen added culture, the chondrocytes showed expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and small and large round-like vesicles of processes. In the type IV collagen added culture, the chondrocytes showed large perinuclear vaculoes and abundant well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum of processes. In the culture with enzyme- digested costal cartilage and the perichondrial culture, the chondrocytes showed a few swelling rough endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles. The cultured epiphyseal chondrocytes maintained typical phenotype and the chondrocytes were grown faster and maintained more typical phenotype in the type II and IV collagen added culture. The transformed chondrocytes secreted abundant extracellular matrix in the type II collagen added culture, and showed processes in the type IV collagen added culture. The perichondrial chondrocytes were grown faster and their implants were able to transplant. The cultured chondrocytes transplanted into experimentally damaged meniscus were adapted between the meniscus tissues. And the immunocyto-chemical reaction of the type II collagen of the chondrocytes were found to be maintained. The chondrocytes cultured cartilage. The chondrocytes secreted abundantly. The cultured chondrocytes transplanted into experimentally damaged meniscus changed immature cells into enlarged mature cells with extracellular secretion.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.257-270
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• 2019

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in a variety of applications in innovative development; consequently, people are more exposed to this particle. Growing concern about toxicity from AgNP exposure has attracted greater attention, while questions about nanosilver-responsive genes and consequences for human health remain unanswered. By considering early detection and prevention of nanotoxicology at the genetic level, this study aimed to identify 1) changes in gene expression levels that could be potential indicators for AgNP toxicity and 2) morphological phenotypes correlating to toxicity of HepG2 cells. To detect possible nanosilver-responsive genes in xenogenic targeted organs, a comprehensive systematic literature review of changes in gene expression in HepG2 cells after AgNP exposure and in silico method, connection up- and down-regulation expression analysis of microarrays (CU-DREAM), were performed. In addition, cells were extracted and processed for transmission electron microscopy to examine ultrastructural alterations. From the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Series database, we selected genes that were up- and down-regulated in AgNPs, but not up- and down-regulated in silver ion exposed cells, as nanosilver-responsive genes. HepG2 cells in the AgNP-treated group showed distinct ultrastructural alterations. Our results suggested potential representative gene data after AgNPs exposure provide insight into assessment and prediction of toxicity from nanosilver exposure.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2002

재래종 쌀보리 들은 추파형이며 내한성이 약하고 장간이면서 밀수, 장망으로 출수가 늦은 품종이 많았다. 그러나 파성, 내한성, 출수기, 간장, 수장의 변이가 컸으며, 내한성이 강한 품종, uzu 유전자, 찰성, 자색종피 등 다양한 유용 돌연변이를 보였다. 재래종들의 유연관계를 형태적 특성과 RAPD분석 결과, 112품종 모두 다른 품종으로 밝혀졌으며, 재래종 쌀보리와 겉보리의 유전적 특성을 비교한 결과, 일양성이 인정되어 쌀보리 품종들이 겉보리 재래종으로부터 돌연변이 되었던 것으로 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2009

25개의 큰느타리버섯 균주를 국내외의 다양한 지역에서 수집하여 본 실험에 사용하였다. PER-007과 PER-012균주는 다른 균주와 비교하여 볼 때 PDA 배지상에서 특징적인 균총 형태를 보였으나 대부분 균주간 유사한 균사생장률을 보였다. 자실체 유도 및 생육 실험에서 PER-007균주는 자실체가 형성 되지 않았고 PER-012균주의 발이가 되었으나 이후 성숙 자실체로 성장하지 않았으며 그 외의 공시한 균주의 자실체 대부분의 갓모양은 볼록반구형, 평판구형 등 다양하게 나타났다. URP primer의 PCR 반응 조건은 $48^{\circ}C$에서 $52^{\circ}C$의 annealing 온도에서 높은 다형성 밴드를 관찰할 수 있었으며 25개의 P. eringii strains의 다형성은 11개의 URP primer 중 URP1F, URP2R, URP2F, URP4R, URP6R, URP9F, URP17R primer에서 계통간 PCR 다형성 밴드를 형성하였다. URP-PCR다형성밴드를 기초로 하여 유전적 유연관계를 분석한 결과 P. eringii strain들은 $76%{\sim}100%$정도의 유전적 유사도를 가지는 3개의 주요 group으로 나눌 수 있었으며 PER-007과 PER-017균주는 outgroup으로 원연관계를 형성하였다.