• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.211-214
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• 2007

Chemical and morphological changes of phenol formaldehyde-based photoresist after $O_2$ radiofrequency(RF) plasma treatment depending on exposure time and source power were investigated. It was found that etch rate of photoresist sharply increased after discharge turn on and reached a limit with increase in plasma exposure time. Contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis showed that the surface chemical structure become nearly constant after 15 sec of the treatment. Atomic force microprobe(AFM) measurements were shown that surface roughness was increased with plasma exposure time.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.510-522
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• 2017

To better understand the morphological variation for Perilla crop in different areas of China, we studied the morphological variation in 87 accessions (84 cultivated var. frutescens and three cultivated var. crispa) from high latitude (Northeast China) and middle latitude (North and Northwest China) areas of China by examining seven quantitative and 10 qualitative characters. Analysis of the morphological variation determined that there was significant morphological differences in five quantitative traits between cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa, including effective number of branches (QN2), number of internodes (QN3), number of branches (QN4), length of the largest inflorescence (QN5), and days from germination to flowering (QN7). However, two quantitative traits-plant height and number of florets of the largest inflorescence-did not show any significant differences between cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa. In addition, significant differences for six quantitative traits were found between the accessions of cultivated var. frutescens originating from high and middle latitude areas in China, which included QN2, QN3, QN5, number of florets of the largest inflorescence (QN6), and QN7. Principal components analysis (PCA) identified five quantitative characters [plant height (QN1), QN2, QN3, QN4, QN7] and six qualitative characters [fragrance of plant (QL1), color of reverse side of leaf (QL3), degree of pubescence (QL5), color of flower (QL6), shape of leaf (QL7), and hardness of seed (QL10)] that contributed to the positive direction on the first axis. The other quantitative and qualitative characters contributed to the negative direction on the first axis. Most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa were clearly separated by the first axis. In addition, most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens are from high latitude and middle latitude areas that were clearly separated by the first axis, except for several accessions. The findings from this study will provide useful information towards understanding the morphological variation of Perilla crop according to geographical distribution in high and middle latitude regions of China.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.672-675
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• 2006

In order to determine the morphological variations of the Japanese swimming crab, Charybdis japonica, we conducted morphological analysis of five populations that are relatively abundant in Korea and Japan. Abdominal sternite for individuals of the Tean population showed significantly short when compared to those of other populations. Principal component analysis demonstrated that morphological differentiation was due to differences (A/Q, B/M, D/P, F/O, J/K), and effectively discriminated each others. The first two components accounted for 40.9% and 60.7% of the variation, respectively. The dendrogram showed three distinct groups, Tokyo population, Taean population, and the other populations.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2008

국내자생 쑥속의 식물을 약용작물 및 산업화에 활용하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 수집된 쑥속 식물들은 사철쑥 (A. capillaris)을 포함한 20종 1아종 2변종 24분류군으로 분류 되었으며, 이를 바탕으로 25개의 화기형질을 이용하여 주성분 분석과 군집분석을 수행하였다. 주성분 분석결과 제1주성분은 전체 분산의 44.73%, 제2주성분은 16.86%, 제 3주성분은 8.88%, 제4주성분은 7.07%의 기여율을 보였으며, 상위 제4주성분까지의 누적 기여율이 77.56%였다. 군집분석 결과, 자방의 퇴화, 아관목, 두화의 크기 등의 주요형질에 의해 크게 3개의 군으로 구분되어졌으며, 화기구조의 식별형질로는 기발표된 Dracunculus, Abrotanum, Absinthium 3절과 완전히 일치하지는 않았으나 국내 자생쑥의 분류형질로 활용이 가능하였다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.145-161
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• 2015

This research was conducted in order to understand the hybridization between Quercus aliena Blume and Q. serrata Murray in Korea which show wide range of morphological variations within species and interspecific variations of diverse overlapping characteristics caused by hybridization. Morphological analysis (principal components analysis; PCA) of 116 individuals representing two species and their intermediates were performed. As a result, two species were clearly distinguished in terms of morphology, and intermediate morpho-types assumed to be hybrids between the two species were mostly located in the middle of each parent species in the plot of the principal components analysis. There was a clear distinction between two species in trichome distribution pattern which is an important diagnostic character in taxonomy of genus Quercus, whereas intermediate morpho-types showed intermediate state between two species' trichome distributions. Forty-two individuals representing two species and their intermediates were examined for leaf flavonoid constituents. Twenty-three flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified: They were glycosylated derivatives of flavonols, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin and myricetin. The flavonoid constituents of Q. aliena were five glycosylated derivatives: kaempferol 3-O-galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside. The flavonoid constituents of Q. serrata had 20 diverse flavonol compounds including five flavonoid compounds found in Q. aliena. It was found that there is a clear difference in flavonoid constituents of Q. aliena and Q. serrata. Flavonoid chemistry is very useful in recognizing each species and putative hybrids. The flavonoid constituents of intermediates were a mixture of the two species' constituents and they generally showed similar characteristics to morpho-types. The hybrids between Q. aliena and Q. serrata showed morphologically and chemically diverse characteristics and it is assumed that there are frequent interspecific hybridization and introgression.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2006

대추나무에 관한 연구 및 2008년부터 시행될 산림수종의 품종보호제도에 대비하여 대추나무의 특성조사요령검정지침서(TG : Test guidelines) 작성 등에 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 우리나라에서 가장 많이 재배되고 있는 대추나무 복조 등 5품종을 대상으로 과실과 엽의 형태적 특성들을 조사, 주성분분석 및 군집분석 등과 같은 다변량 분석법을 이용하여 분석 고찰한 결과, 인(仁)과 관련된 특성에서는 유의성이 인정되지 않아 대추나무의 품종간 유연관계를 고찰하는 특성으로는 부적절 한 것으로 판단된다. 과실중량을 비롯한 모든 특성들에서 보은대추 품종이 복조를 비롯한 다른 4품종과는 형태적 특성에서 명확하게 구분되는 것으로 나타났다. 주성분분석 결과, 제1주성분의 고유값은 10.45로 전체 분산에 대하여 65.3%의 기여도가 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 고유 값이 1이상인 제3주성분까지의 전체 분산에 대한 기여도는 96.5%로 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 과실종경을 비롯하여 엽장과 엽병장 및 정엽장과 정엽폭, 과형지수와 핵형지수 및 정엽형지수와 같은 형태적 특성들이 대추나무 품종의 유연관계를 구명하는데 높은 기여도를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 군집분석 결과, 거리수준 3.3을 기준으로 보은대추를 제외한 무등과 월출 및 금성과 복조품종이 포함된 I group과 보은대추 품종만이 포함된 II group등 크게 2개의 group으로 구분할 수 있었으며 I group은 무등과 월출 및 복조품종이 포함된 sub group과 금성 품종 등 2개의 sub group으로 다시 구분할 수 있었다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.439-449
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• 1998

To discuss the taxonomic dispositions of Korean Isopyroideae (Ranunculaceae) taxa, principal components analysis and cluster analysis were performed using quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. The principal components analysis revealed that the size and number of ovule, ovary width, ratio of style length/ovary length, filament length, sepal size, style length, leaf size, and ovary length are important characters to distinguish Korean Isopyroideae taxa. The cluster and principal components analyses based on both quantitative and quantitative characters demonstrate that lsopyrum mandshuricum is more closely related to Enemion raddeanum than to Semiaquilegia adoxoides. Even though Enemion s not separated from Isopyrum by uantitative characters, they are distinguished by qualitative characters, suggesting that our taxa, Enemion, Semiaquilegia, Isopyrum and Aquilegia, should be recognized in Korean Isopyroideae. In addition, cluster analyses suggest that S. adoxoides could be separated from Aquilegia buergeriana var, oxysepala.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2014

This paper presents pedestrian recognition to improve performance for vehicle safety system or surveillance system. Pedestrian detection method using HOG (Histograms of Oriented Gradients) has showed 90% recognition rate. But if someone takes a picture in the rain, the image may be distorted by rain streaks and recognition rate goes down by 62%. To solve this problem, we applied image decomposition method using MCA (Morphological Component Analysis). In this case, rain removal method improves recognition rate from 62% to 70%. However, it is difficult to apply conventional image decomposition method using MCA on vehicle safety system or surveillance system as conventional method is too slow for real-time system. To alleviate this issue, we propose a rain removal method by using low-pass filter and DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). The DCT helps separate the image into rain components. The image is removed rain components by Butterworth filtering. Experimental results show that our method achieved 90% of recognition rate. In addition, the proposed method had accelerated processing time to 17.8ms which is acceptable for real-time system.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.400-405
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• 2004

한국내 분포하는 음나무(Kalopanox pictus Nakai)의 집단간 분화를 연구하기 위해 형태적 특성을 조사하였다. 23개 형태 형질에 근거하여 지역간 분화는 현저하였다. 아홉 집단에서 138표본으로 유효한 분류학적 단위(OTU)를 표현형 유사도와 형태적 변이를 조사하였으며 주성분 분석을 실시하였다. 첫 세 주성분 요소가 전체 변이의 77.0%에 관련이 있었다. 이 중 첫 번째 주성분 요소가 전체 변이의 52%에 기여하였는데 이에 해당되는 형질은 장상복엽의 장상렬의 수, 그리고 장상렬의 폭이다. 형태적 변이에 근거한 군집분석에서 우리나라 남부와 중부지방의 두 그룹으로 나누어졌다.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.398-403
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• 2011

Ligusticum chuanxiong (Umbelliferae) is a perennial herb that has been used for invigoration of blood in Korean traditional medicine. It is especially important in gynecological therapy of amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. In this study, the essential oil of L. chuanxiong was obtained by steam distillation and its main components of L. chuanxiong, Z-ligustilide and butylidene phthalide, were isolated by silica gel column chromatography. We investigated the cytotoxic effects of the essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong and its main components on MCF-7, HeLa and SK-Hep-1 cell lines by measuring the number of surviving cancer cells after treatment through direct cell counting and MTT analysis, and by examining the morphological changes under the microscope. The essential oil from the rhizomes of L. chuanxiong and its main components showed significant cytotoxic activities for all three tested cell lines. We also observed morphological changes of shrinking and blebbing in the membranes of the three cell lines, depending on the concentration of L. chaunxiong oil or its main components.