• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.107-115
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• 2015

A fine is defined to the criminal penalty which is slighter than imprisonment on a system of criminal penalty, but put practically a seat to imprisonment and similar strong discipline contrivance to commission agent in capitalism societies be doing. Also, did heavy commission, but the corporation time, a fine to consider the respect which cannot impose other criminal penalty, and cannot but impose fine penalty only to this corporation carries out art as important criminal penalty than the commission which a person does. But fine drawing of our country cannot carry out art scaring to criminal penalty to rich body as aggregate fine drawing, and a lot of, but do abatement duration of a fine so as same, and be most in spite of adjudication criminal sentence occupying at criminal case adjudication, and difference cannot do to an amount of a fine that is carrying well out the art. Therefore, and have to change to the daily fine systemdm which gained because of total fine system in order to carry out value as modern criminal penalty, and a few fines shall exchange to penalty payment system according to complement department canon of Penal Code, and social accusation protects individual information of low commission agent if so, can normally do art accomplishment of criminal penalty. The system that the maximum can guarantee right of defence of accused has to have to be introduced in procedural a few aspect to pronounce this and a fine. Specially, let explain necessary fact to be related to, and informal procedures understand, and introduction of drawing to be able to get from accord of accused is necessary for accused before charging to informal decree in order cannot be guaranteed right of defence this of accused while consisting in writing of whether accusation and adjudication are procedural at informal procedures, and to supplement respect.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.289-321
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• 1996

After the two big wars (Imjin Woeran and Byungia Horan), the Lee Dynasty confronted rapid transitional periods in almost all aspects of the society. Corruption of the governmental system by the wars and disordered social structures also caused confusion in the social position system. In addition, development of the commercial economic system and monetary economy brought up a new rich middle-class, "Joong in Gyegeup". In ideological aspects, Confucianism indulged in and stick to isms and ics, and the Confucian morality slackened, thus a more pragmatic ideology, "Silhak Sasang", developed. And the emergence of the modern literature and art of the 'common people' was followed by the appearance of the common-people class including those having the common-people concept among the noble-class "Yangban Gyegeup". This evoked a new common costume culture and the fashion appeared. The public could no longer find the power and appeal from the preexisting ruling classes due to the changed role and sense of value. Thus, they sought a new symbolic leader group that would to be the new standard of the newly changed society. That was a group of people called as "Kisaeng" liberal and independent. They were performing social activities, enjoying poetry, music and dancing, and classy dressers, having physically attractive bodies. The erotic as well as luxurious mode proposed by them reflected the trend of that time. It concurred well with the concept and taste of the public, so it was accepted with a good response. That is, by following these leaders, the public achieved their identification and tried to share the prestige of the leaders. For this reason, the Kisaeng group attracted the public attention and led the taste of the public, thereby becoming the influential fashion leaders of that age.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.417-449
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of local area concentration of particulate matter on life satisfaction, by matching subjective satisfaction in the Korea Labor & Income Panel Study data with daily data of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. We find that the concentration of particulate matter has a significant negative effect on satisfaction. A $1{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in $PM_{10}$($PM_{2.5}$) leads to lower the probability of choosing 'satisfaction' by 0.042%p~0.091%p(0.034%p~0.153%p) and a 1% increase in annual income per household raises the probability of choosing 'satisfaction' by 0.16%p~0.18%p respectively. To estimate the monetary value of reducing $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, we calculate willingness-to-pay for mitigating air pollution, which represents the tradeoff between the reduction in particulate matter and income. We find that people on average are willing to pay \108,787($96)~209,519($186) for a $1{\mu}g/m^3$ reduction in $PM_{10}$ and to pay 89,345($79)~362,930($322) in $PM_{2.5}$. This amount corresponds to 0.26%~0.50%(0.22%~0.88%) of the average annual household income in South Korea.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.105-111
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• 2015

Purpose - Many global companies across industries are paying significant attention to co-creation activities, which enable consumers to participate in firms' value creation process, as a main model of new product development processes. In this study, we aim to examine different types of co-creation activities and their effects on consumer attitudes. We focus on upstream co-creation, downstream co-creation, autonomous co-creation, and sponsored co-creation. Upstream co-creation includes firms' control and management in the initial stage of new product development and prototype testing. Downstream co-creation indicates that consumers participate in firms-initiative activities at a later stage in new product development, such as public relations and marketing communications. Autonomous co-creation includes consumers' commitment activities in the absence of firms' rewards. However, under the sponsored co-creation, consumers can return monetary and social rewards from firms through their co-creation activities. The hypotheses regarding the effect of co-creation on consumer attitudes are as follows. (H1, H2, H3, H4) Upstream, downward, autonomous, and sponsored co-creation has positive effects on consumer attitude. (H5, H6) As intrinsic motivation increases, the positive effect of upstream and autonomous co-creation increases. (H7, H8) As extrinsic motivation increases, the positive effect of downward and sponsored co-creation increases. Research design, data, and methodology - To achieve our research goals, we analyzed responses from 246 samples from Korean consumers and verified the proposed hypotheses using a linear regression model. The samples include Korean consumers who experienced upstream, downstream, autonomous, and sponsored co-creation by firms. Results - First, both upstream co-creation and downstream co-creation with firms and consumers are found to have positive effects on consumer attitudes. Second, autonomous co-creation and sponsored co-creation are found to positively affect consumer attitudes. Third, consumers' intrinsic motivation has a fit-effect between upstream co-creation and autonomous co-creation, and their extrinsic motivation has a fit-effect between downstream co-creation and sponsored co-creation. Consumers who have strong intrinsic motivation are affected by upstream co-creation and autonomous co-creation. However, consumers who have strong extrinsic motivation are affected by downstream co-creation and sponsored co-creation. Conclusion - These results indicate that the fit between consumers' co-creation participation types and consumers'motivations is a significant factor in determining consumer attitudes. The results of this study imply that various types of consumer participation actually improve consumers' attitudes toward products and brands. In addition, our study also suggests that firms should consider the fit between co-creation types and consumers' motivations when they initiate co-creation activities. In this study, we survey consumers who participated in firms' co-creation activities. Future studies can compare different types of consumers. For instance, we can examine the different in different test by comparing experienced versus inexperienced consumers. Finally, we expand this research to user-generated content topics. This attending issue focuses on the mechanism that breaks down the boundaries and barriers between consumers and producers.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

Purpose - Electrical energy saving is one of the practical virtues relating to sustainable living. Therefore, policy-makers has tried to find a way to change the behaviors of individuals to encourage them to actively practice electrical energy saving, even if they have never had this concern or have only passively practiced electrical energy saving to this point. Prior research related to electrical energy saving can be categorized into several types. The first is focused on consumer characteristics linked to electrical energy saving. These studies are based on individual or household socio-demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, household income, education level, occupants, marital status, number of households), and psycho-graphics (e.g., environmental consciousness, value, attitude, motivation, lifestyle). The second is focused on policies (e.g., monetary incentives, information sharing, social comparison, feedback), and technologies (e.g., energy-efficiency home appliances, energy-reduced products, renewable resources). People generally have a favorable attitude towards electrical energy saving, while electrical energy saving practices tend to be less favorable. Therefore, it is necessary for policy-makers to seek out gaps between attitudes and behaviors and find alternatives to reduce these gaps. This study investigates the influence of authenticity on the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. It is supposed that electrical energy saving practices are likely to be stronger as authenticity of individual or household becomes stronger. This study reviews prior literature and examines various studies to provide an understanding of the relationships between authenticity and electrical energy saving behavioral intention. Research design, data, and methodology - Hypothesis was drawn from analysis based on previous research. The items related to authenticity and electrical energy saving were selected from items found in previous research. To verify this hypothesis, data were collected via experimental survey method and the resulting data were analyzed using reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results - This study found that authenticity had a positive impact on the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. The higher the perceived degree of authenticity, the higher the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. Conclusions - This study assesses the impact of authenticity on the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. In order to enhance the practice of electrical energy saving, it is efficient strategy for policy-maker to improve the perceived authenticity of individuals.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.155-162
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• 2018

This study attempts to analyze the consumers' preference on Korean Red Ginseng Tonic, which is an essential product to revitalize Korean ginseng industry, using choice experiment method. The attributes used in the choice experiment were the ginseng age, good agricultural products(GAP), sugar, and price. A total of 1,796 experiments were collected and the value of each preferred attributes was estimated using a multinomial logistic model. The result shows that the products made from six-year-old and GAP(Good Agriculture Practice) approved Korean ginseng with less sugar were preferred. These estimated monetary values of marginal willingness to pay were about 94,000 KRW, 89,000 KRW, 5,000 KRW, respectively. Thus, the efforts to introduce and advertize GAP approved ginseng while developing new products with preferred attributes by general publics are necessary in the short run. In addition, we may need to consider developing the way to promote products using 4- and 5-year-old ginsengs, which are relatively underestimated in their health effectiveness but highly productive for farmers in the long run.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2021

Jewelry Object to adorn a body with has been a very important culture since the primitive age when history of human beings started. Ornaments for social status or wealth's symbolic icon otherwise for private embellishment have been developed with various properties such as decorative, monetary, scarce, historic ones. However, since the latter 20th century, when intellecture concept was more valuable than the tradition laying emphasis on preciousness, with counting of artistic activities and aesthetic values, they have had expressionistic tendency centered on artists. In this manner, modern ornaments have been developed as an artistic genre deviating from traditional way in which material or technology was emphasized. While this expressionistic tendency emphasized artistic value, galleries only for ornaments have been started since 1960s and especially from this period, a lot of experimental and revolutionary ornaments works deviating from traditional way have been exhibited. The appearance of galleries specialized in ornaments as described above had a great influence on the ornaments' development to an artistic genre. This study is the one in respect of two exhibition types through the combination of human body and clothes in displaying ornaments. The first one represents active displaying way for the communication with audience by introducing fashion show to galleries deviating from general exhibition way. The second one plans to run a project collaborating fashion brand for the communication between ornaments and clothes and represents displaying way in the shop of fashion brand for active exhibition publicity.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-42
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• 2010

Since circulation market whole surface opening, traditional market is real condition that is looked away more gradually to consumer as reasons of international retail firms and domestic enterprise firms to enter distribution industry, internet mail order rapid increase by information-oriented society, the pursuit of upgradation and normalization by elevation of income level and consumption pattern change that consideration convenience with young consumers as the central figure. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze stagnation cause of traditional market and problem within a change of new distribution environment, and to develop new approaches for dealing with domestic traditional market relationship prompting competition through activation example analysis of foreign traditional market and domestic traditional market. The result of the study indicated that there are a lot of cases that are begun by a few's merchant with leadership that has been will which is strong in activation in beginning in market's occasion that succeed in activation. In particular, software side such as operational efficiency or marketing expertise strengthening of management is that effect is high relatively than hardware side market activation. Also essential to the settlement of credit transactions using credit cards is important for expanding the effort, for the expansion of credit card merchant credit card advantage and raise awareness among traders about the expected effects is needed. Though these study finding submits plan that create market ecosystem so that many consumers may become place that could visit naturally and create pleasure and convenience, and time, monetary, psychological value of shopping to traditional market, there is sense.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2024

This paper investigated the impact of economic cycles in the shipbuilding industry on managerial performance of marine paint and coatings firms. As part of the upstream to ship construction, the marine equipment industry plays a critical role in determining the competitiveness of the shipbuilding industry. Despite a close interaction between the two sectors, the majority of research on the marine equipment industry has highlighted securing competitiveness edge and developing advanced technologies, paying little academic attention to the relationship between shipbuilding and managerial performance. In this regard, this paper examined how economic cycles in shipbuilding affected growth and profitability of marine paint and coatings firms. To this end, managerial performances of six marine paint and coatings firms for the period of 2003-2022 were analyzed in panel regressions. Results indicated that the shipbuilding economic cycle proxied by delivery amounts of Korean shipyards was positively associated with growth and profitability of marine paint and coatings firms. However, there was divergence in statistical significance by shipbuilding indicators. While coefficients of compensated gross tonnage, gross tonnage, and monetary amount were statistically significant, that of deadweight tonnage was not. Findings of this study imply that managerial performances of marine paint and coatings firms are affected by the amount of value added from the shipbuilding industry rather than its absolute size.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

Among e-government services, the intelligent CCTV control platform is a screening control service that utilizes artificial intelligence to display major objects such as people, cars, etc. to control personnel when they appear on CCTV. The operation of an intelligent CCTV control platform is expected to improve the quality of life of citizens by enabling rapid response in the event of an emergency and increasing the resolution of complaints. In this study, the benefits of the intelligent CCTV control platform, a non-market good, were estimated by applying the contingent valuation method (CVM), a choice experiment technique, to estimate the average willingness to pay per household and calculate the social benefits. As a result of the analysis, the average willingness to pay per household was estimated to be KRW 6,908 per year, and the economic benefits for the country as a whole were estimated to be about KRW 150.4 billion per year. This study is of academic significance as it extends the application of CVM to the field of intelligent e-Government services. The Intelligent CCTV control platforms is being actively discussed, this study has practical implications in that the benefits were estimated in monetary value.