• Title/Summary/Keyword: Moisture Permeability

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Variations of Physical Properties Depending on the Height of Reactor in Vertical Composting Process (수직형 퇴비화공정에서 반응조 높이구간별 퇴비화물질의 물성변화에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Yong Seong;Kim, Byung Tae;Lee, Chang Hae
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.115-124
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    • 2007
  • The material compressions in the vertical composting reactor affect to the biodegradation rates of the organic wastes. This study investigated the variations of physical properties of the composting materials according to the height of reactor due to affect to the settlement in the vertical composting reactor. The variations of decreased temperature after peak temperature showed the different patterns depending on the reactor heights. The variation width of re-increased temperature after peak temperature was reduced as the mixing operations were increased, and increased as the height of reactor elevated. The moisture content and the variation width of the moisture content were increased higher as the height of the reactor became higher. The variations of the bulk density at each height of vertical reactor showed the same tendency comparing with those of the moisture content. The relationship between bulk density and moisture content had shown the quadratic equation (r2=0.94). The dry solid contents at each reactor height were decreased as the height of reactor were increased. The results of the variation of the physical properties during the composting process were caused by the downward compression of the material into the reactor. Settlement rate in the vertical composting reactor was estimated about 2.184cm/day. To increase the biodegradation efficiency in the vertical reactor, the conditions of air path in the composting material matrix have to be investigated afterwards.

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Nondestructive Examination of Ferromagnetic Tube Using Magnetic Saturation Eddy Current Technique (자기포화 와전류기법에 의한 자성 튜브 비파괴검사)

  • Lee, Hee-Jong;Cho, Chan-Hee;Song, Seok-Yoon;Jee, Dong-Hyun;Jung, Jee-Hong
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.407-415
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    • 2008
  • The tubes in heat exchanger are typically made from copper alloy, stainless steel, carbon steel, titanium alloy material. type-439 ferritic stainless steel is ferromagnetic material, and furnish higher heat transfer rates than austenitic stainless steels and higher resistance to corrosion-induced flaws. Ferritic stainless steel can typically be found in low-pressure(LP) feedwater heaters and moisture separator reheaters(MSRs). LP feedwater heaters generally utilize thin wall type-439 stainless steel tubing, whereas MSRs typically employ a heavier wall tubing with integral fins. Service-induced damage can occur on the OD(outside diameter) surface of type-439 ferritic stainless steel tubing which is employed for MSRs tubing, and the most typical damage mechanism is vibration-induced tube-to-TSP(tube support plate) wear and fatigue cracking. The wear has been reported that occurs mainly on the OD surface. Accordingly, in this study, we have evaluated the flaw sizing capability of magnetic saturation eddy current technique using magnetic saturation probe and flawed specimen.

Dispersion Method of Silica Nanopowders for Permalloy Composite Coating (퍼멀로이 합금도금을 위한 나노실리카 분산방법에 관한 연구)

  • Park, So-Yeon;Jung, Myung-Won;Lee, Jae-Ho
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.39-42
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    • 2011
  • The composite electroplating is accomplished by adding inert materials during the electroplating. Permalloy is the term for Ni-Fe alloy and it is used for industrial applications due to its high magnetic permeability, surface wear resistance, corrosion protection. Microhardness for microdevices is enhanced after composite coating and it increases the life cycle. However, the hydroxyl group on the silica makes their surface susceptible to moisture and it causes the silica nanoparticles to be agglomerated in the aqueous solution. The agglomeration problem causes poor dispersion which eventually interrupts uniform deposition of silica nanoparticles. In this study, the dispersion of silica nanoparticles in the permalloy electroplated layer is reported with variation of additives and current densities. The optimum current density was 20 $mA/cm^2$ and the silica content was 9 at% at $50^{\circ}C$. The amount of silica nanopowder codeposition and surface morphologies were influenced with variation of additives. In the bath, smooth surface morphology and relatively high contents of silica nanopowder codeposition were obtained with addition of sodium lauryl sulfate.

Comparison of Environmental Control Characteristics of High-barrier Films for Sealed Packaging of Cultural Heritage Objects (문화재 밀폐 포장용 고차단성 필름의 보존환경 제어 특성 비교)

  • Jeong, Jaeung;Park, Insik;Huh, Ilkwon
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.16
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    • pp.96-113
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    • 2015
  • High-barrier films are used to store cultural heritage objects in a safe environment sealed from oxygen and moisture. One of the high-barrier films use populary E manufactured by Japanese company M from the 1990's. However, this product has stayed in wide use, due to dearth of research on related subjects - including studies comparing it with other similar products-, in spite of the fact that high price information about its characteristics and environmental conditions is largely lacking. This study examines the characteristics of a number of high-barrier films with the goal to establish environmental standards for safer conservation of cultural heritage objects. E by the Japanese manufacturer M is compared with four other films; an electronics packaging films by a Korean firm, a film specially produced for the purposes of experiment in this study and a zipper bag-type film. Experiments were performed to compare the properties and gas blocking ability of the films by looking at their cross-section and measuring the thickness, tensile strength, elongation, absorbance of UV and visible light, yellowing and the permeability for oxygen and vapor. Based on these experiments, there are observed changes under different environmental conditions and depending on the length of use through temparature and humidification reproucing test. The results showed that while the high-barrier film by the Korean manufacturer was suitable for use as a packaging material for cultural heritage objects, the zipper bag-type film (P) was ill-adapted for this purpose. Based on the experiments reproducing the real-world environment, the length of useful life was also determined for each.

Studies on the Frost Heave Revelation and Deformation Behaviour due to Thawing of Weathered Granite Soils (화강암 풍화토의 동상 발현 및 융해에 따른 변형 거동에 관한 연구)

  • 류능환;최중대;류영선
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.37 no.3_4
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    • pp.61-71
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    • 1995
  • Natural ground is a composite consisted of the three phases of water, air and soil paircies. Among the three components, water as a material is weU understood but soil particles are not in foundation engineering. Especially, weathered granite soil generally shows a large volumetric expansion when they freeze. And, the stability and durability of the soil have shown decreased with repetitive freezing and thawing processes. These unique charcteristics may cause various construction and management problems if the soil is used as a construction material and foundation layers. This project was initiated to investigate the soil's physical and engineering characteristics resulting from freezing and freezing-thawing processes. Research results may be used as a basic data in solving various problems related to the soil's unique characteristics. The following conclusions were obtained: The degree of decomposition of weathered granite soil in Kangwon-do was very different between the West and East sides of the divide of the Dae-Kwan Ryung. Soil particles distributed wide from very coarse to fine particles. Consistency could be predicted with a function of P200 as LL=0.8 P200+20. Permeability ranged from 10-2 to 10-4cm/sec, moisture content from 15 to 20% and maximum dry density from 1.55 to 1.73 g /cmΥ$^3$ By compaction, soil particles easily crushed, D50 of soil particles decreased and specific surface significantly increased. Shear characteristics varied wide depending on the disturbance of soil. Strain characteristics influenced the soil's dynamic behviour. Elastic failure mode was observed if strain was less than 1O-4/s and plastic failure mode was observed if strain was more than 10-2/s. The elastic wave velocity in the soil rapidly increased if dry density became larger than 1.5 g /cm$^3$ and these values were Vp=250, Vg= 150, respectively. Frost heave ratio was the highest around 0 $^{\circ}C$ and the maximum frost heave pressure was observed when deformation ratio was less than 10% which was the stability state of soil freezing. The state had no relation with frost depth. Over freezing process was observed when drainage or suction freezing process was undergone. Drainage freezing process was observed if freezing velocity was high under confined pressure and suction frost process was occurred if the velocity was low under the same confined process.

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Unsaturated Shear Strength Characteristics of Nakdong River Silty Sand (낙동강 실트질 모래의 불포화 전단강도 특성)

  • Jin, Guang-Ri;Shin, Ji-Seop;Park, Sung-Sik;Kim, Ki-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.47-56
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    • 2013
  • There are many technical problems, which can not be resolved by the concept of saturated soil mechanics. Unsaturated soils show an apparent cohesion due to negative pore pressure and relatively lower permeability due to entrapped air compared to saturated soils. The determination of engineering properties of soils with various moisture content is very important to evaluate shear strength and stability of natural and engineered soils. So various researches should be made on unsaturated soils. Especially, sandy soils are widely distributed near Nakdong river, one of the four rivers where Restoration Projects were carried out. Many structures such as dams, flood control facilities, detention facilities and reservoirs have been built in this area. In this study, unsaturated triaxial compressive tests were conducted on sands or silty sands at Nakdong river in order to provide their fundamental characteristics for design and construction of geotechnical structures. As a result of the tests, the maximum deviator stress increased as the confining stress and matric suction increased. The cohesion increased non-linearly as the matric suction increased, but the angle of internal friction was marginally changed.

Effect of Current Density on Ion Conductivity of Membrane in Proton Exchange Membrane (고분자전해질 연료전지에서 고분자막의 이온전도도에 미치는 전류밀도의 영향)

  • Hwang, Byungchan;Oh, Sohyung;Lee, Daewoong;Chung, Hoi-Bum;You, Seung-Eul;Ku, Young-Mo;Na, Il-Chae;Lee, Jung-Hoon;Park, Kwonpil
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.56 no.1
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    • pp.1-5
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    • 2018
  • In this work, we study the ion conductivity by analyzing the impedance to the high current density range that the PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) is actually operated. The effect of GDL (Gas Diffusion Layer)presence on impedance was investigated indirectly by measuring hydrogen permeability. When the RH (Relative Humidity)was higher than 60% in the low current range (< $80mA/cm^2$), the moisture content of the polymer membrane was sufficient and the ion conductivity of the membrane was not influenced by the current change. However, when RH was low, ion conductivity increased due to water production as current density increased. The ion conductivity of the membrane obtained by HFR (High Frequency Resistance) in the high current region ($100{\sim}800mA/cm^2$)was compared with the measured value and simulated value. At RH 100%, both experimental and simulated values showed constant ion conductivity without being influenced by current change. At 30~70% of RH, the ionic conductivity increased with increasing current density and tended to be constant.

Geotechnical Characteristics of Reduced Slag-soil Mixtures in Electric Furnace (전기로 제강 환원 슬래그 혼합토의 지반공학적 특성)

  • Shin, Jaewon;Yoon, Yeowon;Yoon, Gillim
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.12 no.7
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    • pp.31-37
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    • 2011
  • Only a few studies have been conducted using reduced slag as recycled material. The reduced slag in electric furnace is produced as a by-product in making a steel and a few applications of the reduced slag as expensive additives and bonding materials or as the stabilized soils was reported. The purpose of this study is to present the feasibility of the reduced slag as recycled material, especially, in a field of civil engineering. In order to achieve the purpose experiments such as SEM and XRF analysis was conducted for the reduced slag in electric furnace. Based on the results various geotechnical experiments were conducted to know engineering properties of slag-soil mixtures. Weathered soils and clay are mixed with reduced slag for various ratios. As the ratio of reduced slag to weathered soil increases, the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture decreased with increasing optimum moisture content. The results indicates that there is no effect on a reduced slag by compaction efforts. The shear strengths of the weathered soil-slag mixtures are slightly higher or similar to those of weathered soils. The permeability of the weathered soil-slag mixtures is similar to that of silty or sandy soils. Therefore, it is possible to use the mixtures as embankment or backfill materials in the fields. The unconfined strength of the mixtures of reduced slag and clay is higher than that of clay and it tends to increase with the curing time. Therefore it can be used to improve the soft ground.

Fabrication of edible gelatin-based films by heat pressing (열 압착을 이용한 가식성 젤라틴 필름 제조)

  • Kim, Eui Hyun;Song, Ah Young;Min, Sea Cheol
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.54 no.2
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    • pp.179-184
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    • 2022
  • In this study, edible films made of fish and mammalian gelatins were produced using heat pressing, and their physical properties were investigated. Transparent and smooth films were formed continuously and uniformly using a mixture of fish skin gelatin (FG) or mammalian gelatin (MG), glycerol, and water under the process of heat pressing at 90℃ and 20 MPa for 5 min. Heat-pressed FG films possessed lower light transmittance and tensile strength than heat-pressed MG films; however, their appearance, surface morphology, water vapor permeability, lightness, and redness were not different from those of heat-pressed MG films. Although heat-pressed FG films had lower tensile strength, they had a flatter and more uniform surfaces and demonstrated higher transparency and moisture barrier properties compared to the casted FG films. These results demonstrate the potential utility of heat pressing for the large-scale production of edible films using both FG and MG.

Development and characterization of hyaluronic acid-based orally disintegrating film containing vitamin D (히알루론산 기반 비타민 D 함유 구강용해필름의 제조 및 특성평가)

  • Kang, Seo-Yeon;An, Da-Yeon;Han, Jung-Ah
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.54 no.3
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    • pp.327-333
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    • 2022
  • An orally disintegrating film (ODF) based on hyaluronic acid (HA) containing vitamin D was developed. The vitamin D content in the ODF was set based on the adequate intake (AI) of vitamin D from 0 to 10 AI (0, 1, 4, 7, and 10AI). The control (0AI) had the highest thickness and showed the longest disintegration time among the samples. The moisture content of the ODFs was significantly lower in those with vitamin D compared to the control. As the amount of vitamin D increased, the water vapor permeability (WVP) of the ODFs decreased, and the opacity significantly increased. The tensile strength was higher in the films containing vitamin D compared to the control films. However, the elongation at the break showed no significant difference among the films. The vitamin D content in the film was reduced by 25.7-44.2% during processing compared to the amount that was originally added. Based on the above results, a new and convenient vitamin D delivery system, an ODF, could be successfully produced.