• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-26
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• 2020

Urban pollution has been a problem in China since ancient times. In modern times, pollution was aggravated by industrialization and urbanization and became closely related to people's lives. Shanghai was the industrial center and the most urbanized place of modern China. As a price, it needed to face extremely serious urban pollution, and the treatment of this problem involved all aspects of social life. Noise pollution let foreigners to interpret the Chinese people and the city of Shanghai from a cultural perspective, and let Chinese residents to understand Shanghai and the nation from a civilized perspective. Pollution regulation made Shanghai the first city in modern China to implement overall pollution control and levy environmental protection fees. It also enabled the Chinese to gradually fight for their rights in urban governance. Urban pollution also brought business opportunities; in the highly commercial city of Shanghai, it promoted the development of some industries. The experience of urban pollution and its treatment prompted the people of Shanghai to rethink and re-recognize modern civilization, and also promoted the formation of Shanghai urban community.

• 중국학논총
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• no.65
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• pp.193-213
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• 2020

Chen Du-xiu, a leading thinker and revolutionist in modern China, is the person who showed an ideological upheaval from liberalism to socialism. He called for personal freedom and the values of the individual, but when he came upon a national crisis and the Russian Revolution succeeded, he converted to socialism. In the process, he combined democracy with ethnicity to lay the foundation for Chinese social democracy. As one of representative thinkers of modern China, he changed his position for Chinese people and Chinese society, and it soon formed the basis of modern Chinese socialism, emphasizing the right to the survival of the people and people's democracy.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2010

Furniture in the modern living environment, inclusive the importance of its practical value, is a plastic element of indoor space, and its artistic value also holds an important position. Moreover, emotional design based on the emotional engineering in a structural change of modern society such as urbanization, small family, aging society is proposed as an important keyword in the modern design. Namely, furniture as an component of modern residential space has been advanced as a human-oriented environmental element considering people's emotional and mental value to the functional satisfaction and artistic and emotional satisfaction. Furniture is a living tool that is much contacted to people, which affects highly on people's body and mind. This means that people's volition action can be naturally induced by furniture design, and that furniture can display a role as an active tool of means to make people's interpersonal communication and interchange. Namely, I think furniture design of emotional interchange that understands furniture user's pattern behavior and pattern, and observes furniture form and structure and functionality on users' relationship affecting on people's emotional stability and interpersonal interchange of emotion, as an indispensable element necessary for producing more human and prosperous environment of life.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.118-135
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• 2015

This study probed into the fashion of modern girls between the 1920's and the 1930's who led the mentality and fashion of women as the progenitor of the alpha girl in Korea. For this, the fashion of actual people who received attention as modern girls in various occupations and that of modern girl heroines reinterpreted in films were examined. Methods included the theoretical study based on fashion related newspaper articles at the time, specialized publications, advance researches, and internet data and the empirical study that involved contents analysis centering on visual data. The Western women's fashion between the 1920's-1930's was dominated by the garçonne look to promote women's entry into society and competition against men and the practical and mature long and slim look due to the influence of economic recess. Korean people also adapted Western clothes following Western fashion while also modified the traditional clothes and wore modified Korean clothes. The fashion of 5 actual modern girls of Korea and that of 3 film heroines were examined. The fashion of actual people most well represented the fashion trends at the time and that they used fashion as the means to express their mentality and their artistic propensity and professionalism were expressed through fashion. On the other hand, the fashion of film heroines substantially expressed various occupations of the characters in the film and reflected trendy clothes and cosmetics, and it showed sexy and romantic fashion trend due to the influence of modern trends and reinterpretations.

• 중국학논총
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• no.65
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• pp.287-302
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• 2020

Social Evolution was the most influential idea in modern China. Chinese intellectuals, who had made the survival of their country and people a top priority in the face of threats from Western powers, accepted the theory of social evolution as an idea calling for national unity. For Liang Qi chao, the theory of social evolution was a reason to raise the modern nation-state and the new people, along with the need for reform. This article examines that philosophical content and meaning modern Chinese social evolution has around his concept of "nation". His ideas, which are regarded as the origin of Asian nationalism, reflect his belief in and will toward a nation-state, and occupy a unique position in the political history of modern China.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.7
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• pp.105-127
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• 2005

This research is on the characteristics and roles of important cities of Germany based on the history of the modern art museum and its possessions. Especially, it is focusing on the modern art museums in the western Germany including Dusseldorf, Koln, and Frankfrut that have shown economic recovery from the Miracle of Rhine; the capital city of Germany, Berlin, as well as Munich, the second capital city of Germany. Here, it harmonizes with the tradition of the past and simultaneously, it spreads the concept and role of the new museum as a forerunner. After the WWII, this is the most active of supporting investment for art museums and authors from the economic development. Also, it represents Germany with its national promotion of culture and arts. The modern art museums of Germany emphasize the mission that they exist for the people and the nation as well as creation of new art culture. These art museums working for national culture and art development do not simply collect and preserve arts. They induce active involvement from the public and keep in mind of national objectives. Here, art museums become and educational setting for the people and a room for new art culture. This research is on Germany modern art museum and it is composed of important 'public institutions' of Germany that critically influence the growth of world-renown authors. After the unification of Germany, Munchen and the western region became an important places centering around new Berlin modern art museum. They are the best places that show the national objectives and regional characteristics. Also, there are art museum educational curriculum and open space for the people by explaining exhibition plans and contents. Furthermore, there are two characteristics of German modern art museums that are noteworthy. Firstly, there are Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie, Munchen's Pinakothek de Moderne, and Dusseldorf's 'K20' (Kunstsammlung N-Westfalen K20) that are the roots of modern art. These modern art museums exhibit popular author's collection repeatedly. This has a tendency to standardize audiences' view or to make audiences bored. It is becoming more like a trend for art work to appear and disappear. Despite these problems, German modern art museums play a critical role for a new cultural art creation and for the national identity by attempting to show the works of domestic authors as well as an intensive collection of world-renown authors' works. Secondly, there is a role as a new art museum to work together with people. It strives to continuously educate difficult modem arts, exhibits in an open space stimulating interest, participation, and conversations. From these roles, Hamburger Bahnhof Museum fur Gegenwart or Dusseldorf's 'K21, Frankfurt Museum $f\"{u}r$ Moderne Kunst, $Kf\"{o}ln$ Museum Ludwig are given new attention. Here, they emphasize the importance of communicating with the audiences and provides experiences that are different from the original spaces by showing the architecture tecture style of the art museum. In conclusion, German modern art museums attempt various changes by connecting to art education. With art museum activities, there forms a connection between arts and the lives of people, and from this, creative cultural art focused on the art museum borns. This is not only limited to Germany, the U.S., etc. We, too, should pay attention to new art culture creation from changes of role and function of modern art museums.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.59-68
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to measure and observe Memes of people in Korean modern architectural discourse. After extracting Memes from the text of 'SPACE' magazines, network analysis was used with the Memes which were obtained. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Korean modern architectural discourse field was influenced by people in order of American, French and Korean. 2. Korean modern architectural discourse field was influenced by people in order of Le Corbuiser, Mies Van der Rohe, Louis Kahn, Kim Soogeun and Gilles Deleuze.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.35
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• pp.79-95
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• 2014

This article aims at rethinking on people of Modern styles in early modern period with reference to A Large River[Dae-Ha] written by Kim Nam-cheon at 1939. Park Sung-guoen could be called to Homo Economicus, first, have maximized of self-interest in rapid changes of Korea society with loan sharking, rising to upper class in new early modern era instead of traditional nobleman. Park Hyung-geol could be said romantic guy, second, have chased romatic love consist of three elements(love-sex-marriage). But he troubled his love affairs to his family members frustrated his will because of a bastard son. It is the model of situations, Kim Nan-cheon intended to describe, that Homo Economicus became an object of envy among people in early modern society as well as the choice has been hard in conflicting between family and lover, concretizing anachronism through history of family.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.40-47
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• 2012

Courtyard is evolving from the conventional one element of a building far beyond into independent peremeter of urban architecture, of which function has been darmatically upgraded from embedded traditional air fluiding, nutural lighting system into where full fledged function can be experienced so much as your imagimation reaches taking major social responsibility such as intact offline social networking which links people from neighbors, inter / extra buiding openness which allow people can communicate among othewise between themselves and artificial natural environmental emelents supplier where people resort to relaxation and natural healing. Roles of courtyard has been by far streatched out into nearby natural healing space where people can shake off their unavoidable stresses from the modern life relaxing themselves looking at the sky otherwise observe natural surroundigns such as plants, flowers and waters. Thanks to hereonto mentioned its merits, Courtyard building is widely used and seen as a center of modern urban design in residence, public bilding and urban planned buildings. Courtyard biulding is nowadays boasting their morphological diversity brought out from lots of topological variation, type variants, cross section and inter relationship with the other neighboring spaces. Hence, hereby I have been studied how above mentioned three major peremeters of courtyard has been upgraded in modern architecture comparing the period from 1960 to 1990 and the period starting from 1991.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.181-196
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• 2002

The functions of the clothing have been changed rapidly in modern society. That means people want to show oneself strongly by the clothing. In other words, the social aspect of the clothing's function which is the expression of own's personality and satisfaction one's desire is emphasized. This study is aimed at taking a look at the functions of modern clothing. The modern clothing has the various functions which are related to the changing of the social system. The result of the study are as follows: With the differentiation of society and institutionalization, the clothing is recognized as the medium which shows one's status and is restricted by people. In modern society as mass society, the system of the social position collapsed. People has the inclination to express own's consciousness, personality and existence intensely. Also, the functions of clothing became diverse. That means the clothing is influenced by the human's consciousness, a sense of values and became the medium which reflects the people's life. This change of the costume means the clothing focus on the functional factor of the free-style clothing getting out of rational value. Therefore, the change of clothing is not the change of the design but the change of value of the clothing, one's way of thinking about the clothing, the change of human life in whole society and the culture. With the changing way of life, the change of the clothing has the system in which the design changes. Therefore, I found that the we have to take a look not the change of the factors which influence the fashion but the functions of the clothing itself.