3D 스캔 분석을 통한 전통조경 계획 및 설계 활용방안 (A Measure of Landscape Planning and Design Application through 3D Scan Analysis)
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- 한국전통조경학회지
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- 제36권4호
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- pp.105-112
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- 2018
본 연구는 조경계획 및 설계 분야에 3D 스캔기술을 적용하기 위한 연구로 전통조경공간 계획설계에 대한 디지털화 방안을 모색하고자 담양 소쇄원과 성락원을 대상으로 3D 스캔을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 3D 스캔을 통한 전통정원의 실측 결과 각 관측지점에서 취득한 점 데이터를 기반으로 좌표값의 병합, 데이터의 후처리 과정을 통해
북미, 유럽 뿐 아니라 우리나라에서도 유해물질 관리제도가 도입되는 등 매년 크게 증가하는 화학물질의 생산, 유통으로 인한 독성 피해에 대응하고 있다. 유해물질의 생물독성을 평가하는 방법은 널리 소개되어 왔으나, 모델링을 위한 정량적이고 신속한 정보가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 발광 미생물인 Vibrio fischeri를 이용하여 아연, 구리, 크롬, 카드뮴, 수은, 납 등 중금속 6종에 대한 독성 평가를 실시하고, 독성 모델링을 통해 생존율을 재현하였다. 발광 미생물의 활성 정도 및 중금속에 의한 독성은 photomultiplier가 내장된 감광 장치를 이용하여 상대발광도를 측정, 독성의 영향을 판단하였다. 30분 내 저해율이 20% 미만에 이르는 농도 및
고 주파수 기반의 광대역 통신기술을 활용하는 선박중심 직접통신(MX-S2X)은 디지털 통신 연계기술 개발 및 실증을 통한 육상·선박·시설의 유기적 연결을 제공함으로써, 향후 도래할 자율운항선박 및 유·무인선 혼재 운항 상황에서 해상 통신 인프라로서의 효과적 활용이 가능하다. 본 논문은 해상 다중경로 페이딩 극복 가능한 선박중심 직접통신(MX-S2X) 시스템의 물리계층 설계 및 M&S(modelling &Simulation) 기반 성능 분석의 후속으로 설계 내역의 최적화 및 상세설계를 확정하고, 이를 하드웨어로 구현하여 성능을 검증 하였다. 구현한 하드웨어 성능 분석을 위해 시험환경을 구성하여 PER 성능을 측정한 결과, M&S 대비 AWGN 환경에서는 0.2dB, 해상 다중 경로 페이딩 환경에서는 1.2dB의 성능 열화를 확인하였으며, 이러한 수준의 성능 열화는 케이블 손실, 시험 오차 등에 의한 것으로 구현한 물리계층 하드웨어가 적정한 성능 수준을 보임을 확인하였다.
자율주행기술의 발달은 점차 개인화된 통행을 유도하며, 자율주행차량으로의 전환으로 인한 도로운영 측면에서 교통 영향력은 개인차량을 이용한 수요에 의해 가장 큰 영향력을 받는다. 따라서, 교통 영향력 검토를 위해서는 개인통행특성 이해를 기반한 통행발생량 산정이 필요하다. 개인 통행특성 반영이 가능한 Activity-based model(ABM)은 개인의 모든 이동을 다루므로 통행과 통행 사이의 관계에 대한 이해가 선행되어야 한다. 하지만, ABM은 실제 수요예측에서 데이터 구득문제와 같이 많은 한계점이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 가구통행실태조사자료를 기반으로 통행간 관계를 설명할 수 있는 Tour-based 모형을 활용하였다. 또한, 샘플조사 자료의 전수화를 위해 차량등록대수 및 인구수 데이터를 활용하여 개인차량발생량 보정방안을 제시하였다. 통행발생량 분석결과, KTDB와 비교하였을 때 본 연구에서 전체통행발생량은 약 13% 높았으며, 업무통행의 경우 약 9% 차이로 합리적인 오차수준으로 분석되었다. 결과적으로 본 연구의 궁극적인 목표인 도로운영 측면의 자율주행차량 도입에 따른 수요예측을 위해 Activity-based 모형 구축에 앞서 개인통행특성을 반영할 수 있는 Tour를 기반으로 발생량 보정방안으로 활용될 수 있다.
In china, six bibliographies of offical historical books are evaluated at the most important things among the systematically-editing bibliographies. These bibliographies would be usful to study the orign of classical sciences and their development, bibliographic research of Chinese classics, bibliographic judgement on genuine books, titles, authors, volumes. They could be refered to research into graving, correcting, and existence of ancient books. therefore, these bibliographies would be applied to estimation the phase of scientific and cultural development. The study of these bibliographies has been not yet made in Korea. This thesis lays its importance on the background of their appearance, their classification norms, organizing system of their catalogue, and comparison between their difference. 1. Editing and compiling of Chilyak (칠약) by Liu Chin (유흠) and official histories played an important role of entering an apperance of historical book's bibliographies. Chilyak has been lost. However, its classification and compiling system of classical books would be traced by Hansoyemunji(한서예문지) of which basic system is similar to Chilyak. It classified books according to their scientific characteristic. If a few books didn't have their own categories, they were combined by the circles parallel to the books' characteristic. With the books classified under the same scientific characteristic, they were again divided into the scientific schools or structures. It also arranged the same kinds of books according to the chronology. The some books wi th duplicate subjects were classified multiplely by their duplicate subject. 2. Ssu-ma Chon's (사마천) The Historical Records (Saki, 사기) and Pan Ku's (반고) The History of the Former Han Dynasty (Hanso, 한서) has also took effects on appearance of historical books' bibliographies. Covering overall history, Saki was structured by the five parts: The basic annals(본기), the chronological tables (표), the documents (서), the hereditary houses (세가), biographies (열전). The basic annals dealt with kings and courts' affairs according to the chronology. The chronological tables was the records of the annals. The documents described overall the social and cultural systems. The hereditary houses recorded courts' meritorious officials and public figures. The biographies showed exemplars of seventy peoples selected by their social status. Pan Ku(반구)'s The History of the Former Han Dynasty(한서) deserved to be called the prototype for the offical histories after Saki's (사기; The Historical Records) apperance. Although it modelled on Saki, it had set up its own cataloguing system. It was organized by four parts; the basic annals (본기), the chronological tables (표), treatises(지), biographies (열전). The documents in the Hanso(한서) was converted into treatises(지). The hereditary houses and biographies were merged. For the first time, the treatise with The Yemunji could operate function for historical bibliographies. 3. There were six historical bibliographies: Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), Susokyongjeokji (수서경적지), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지), Shindangsoyemunji (신당서예문지), Songsayemunji (송사예문지), Myongsayemunji (명사예문지). 1) Modelling on Liu Chin's Chilyak except Chipryak(집략), Hansoyemunji divided the characteristic of the books and documents into six parts: Yukrye(육예), Cheja(제자), Shibu(시부), Pyongsoh(병서), Susul(수술), Pangki(방기). Under six parts, there were thirty eight orders in Hansoyemunji. To its own classification, Hansoyemunji applied the Chilyak's theory of classification that the books or documents were managed according to characteristic of sciences, the difference of schools, the organization of sentences. However the overlapped subjects were deleted and unified into one. The books included into an unsuitable subject were corrected and converted into another. The Hansoyemunji consisted of main preface (Taesoh 대서), minor preface (Sosoh 소서) , the general preface (Chongso 총서). It also recorded the introduction of books and documents, the origin of sciences, the outline of subjects, and the establishment of orders. The books classified by the subject had title, author, and volumes. They were rearranged by titles and the chronological publication year. Sometimes author was the first access point to catalogue the books. If it was necessary for the books to take footnotes, detail notes were formed. The Volume number written consecutively to order and subject could clarify the quantity of books. 2) Refering to Classfication System by Seven Norms (칠분법) and Classification System by Four Norms(사분법), Susokyongjeokji(수서경적지) had accomplished the classification by four norms. In fact, its classification largely imitated Wanhyosoh(완효서)'s Chilrok(칠록), Susokyongjeokji's system of classification consisted of four parts-Kyung(경), Sa(사), Cha(자), Chip(칩). The four parts were divided into 40 orders. Its appendix was again divided into two parts, Buddihism and Taiosm. Under the two parts there were fifteen orders. Totally Susokyongjeokji was made of six parts and fifty five orders. In comparison with Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), it clearly showed the conception of Kyung, Sa, Cha, Chip. Especially it deserved to be paid attention that Hansoyemunji laied history off Chunchu(춘추) and removed history to Sabu(사부). However Chabu(사부) put many contrary subjects such as Cheja(제자), Kiye(기예), Sulsu(술수), Sosol(소설) into the same boundary, which committed errors insufficient theoretical basis. Anothor demerit of Susokyongjeokji was that it dealt with Taiosm scriptures and Buddism scriptures at the appendix because they were considered as quasi-religion. Its compilation of bibliographical facts consisted of main preface(Taesoh 대서), minor preface(Sosoh 소서), general preface (Chongsoh 총서), postscript (Husoh 후서). Its bibliological facts mainly focused on the titles. Its recorded authors' birth date and their position. It wrote the lost and existence of books consecutive to total number of books, which revealed total of the lost books in Su Dynasty. 3) Modelling on the basis of Kokumsorok(고분서록) and Naewaekyongrok(내외경록), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지) had four parts and fourty five orders. It was estimated as the important role of establishing basic frame of classification by four norms in classification theory's history. However it had also its own limit. Editing and compling orders of Kudangsokyongjeokji had been not progressively changed. Its orders imitated by and large Susokyongjeokji. In Its system of organizing catalogue, with its minor preface and general preface deleting, Kudangsokyongjeokji by titles after orders sometimes broke out confusion because of unclear boundaries between orders. 4) Shindangsoyemunji(신당서예문지), adding 28,469 books to Kudangsokyongjeokji, recorded 82,384 books which were divided by four parts and fourty four orders. In comparison with Kudangkyongjeokj, Sindangsoyemunji corrected unclear order's norm. It merged the analogical norms four orders (for instance, Kohun 고훈 and Sohakryu 소학류) and seperated the different norms four orders (for example, Hyokyong 효경 and Noneuhryu 논어류, Chamwi 참위 and Kyonghaeryu 경해류, Pyonryon 편년 and Wisaryu 위사류). Recording kings' behaviors and speeches (Kikochuryu 기거주류) in the historical parts induced the concept of specfication category. For the first time, part of Chipbu (집부) set up the order of classification norm for historical and literatural books and documents (Munsaryu 문사류). Its editing and compiling had been more simplified than Kudangsokyongjeokji. Introduction was written at first part of bibliographies. Appendants except bibliographic items such subject, author, title, volume number, total were omitted. 5) Songsayemunji(송사예문지) were edited in the basis of combining Puksong(북송) and Namsong(남송), depending on Sabukuksayemunji(사부국사예문지). Generally Songsayemunji had lost a lot of bibliographical facts of many books. They were duplicated and wrongly classified books because it committed an error of the incorrectly annalistic editing. Particularly Namsong showed more open these defaults. Songsayemunji didin't include the books published since the king Youngchong(영종). Its system of classification was more better controlled. Chamwiryu(참위류) in the part of Kyongbu(경부) was omitted. In the part of history(Sabu 사부), recordings of kings' behaviors and speeches more merged in the annals. Historical abstract documents (Sachoryu 사초류) were seperately arranged. In the part of Chabu(자부), Myongdangkyongmaekryu(명당경맥류) and Euisulryu(의술류) were combined. Ohangryu(오행류) were laied off Shikuryu(시구류). In the part of Chipbu(집부), historical and literatural books (Munsaryu 문사류) were independentely arranged. There were the renamed orders; from Wisa(위사) to Paesa(패사), Chapsa (잡사) to Pyolsa(열사), Chapchonki(잡전기) to Chonki(전기), Ryusoh(류서) to Ryusa(류서). Introduction had only main preface. The books of each subject catalogued by title, the volume number, and author and arranged mainly by authors. Annotations were written consecutively after title and the volume number. In the afternote the number of not-treated books were revealed. Difference from Singdangsohyemunji(신당서예문지) were that the concept and boundary of orders became more clearer. It also wrote the number of books consecutive to main subject. 6) Modelling on Chonkyongdangsomok (경당서목), Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) was compiled in the basis of books and documents published in the Ming Danasty. In classification system, Myongsayemunji partly merged and the seperated some orders for it. It also deleted and renamed some of orders. In case of necessity, combining of orders' norm was occured particulary in the part of Sabu(사부) and Chabu(자부). Therefore these merging of orders norm didn't offer sufficient theretical background. For example, such demerits were seen in the case that historical books edited by annals were combined with offical historical ones which were differently compiled and edited from the former. In the part of Chabu(자부), it broke out another confusion that Pubga(법가), Meongga(명가), Mukga(묵가), Chonghweongka's(종횡가) thoughts were classified in the Chapka(잡가). Scriptures of Taiosim and Buddhism were seperated from each other. There were some deleted books such as Mokrokryu(목록류), Paesaryu(패사류) in the part of history (Sabu 사부) and Chosaryu(초사류) in the part of Chipbu(집부). The some in the each orders had been renamed. Imitating compiling system of Songsayemunji(송사예문지), with reffering to its differ-ence, Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) wrote the review and the change of the books by author. The number of not-treated books didn't appear at the total. It also deleted the total following main subject.
목 적: CT(computed tomography) 영상에서 Metal Artifact로 인해 왜곡된 영상을 보정하는 Iterative Metal Artifact Reduction(IMAR) Algorithm의 정확성을 평가하고 양성자 치료계획에서 IMAR Algorithm 적용의 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: CT simulator를 이용하여 CIRS Phantom 내에 금속을 삽입한 것과 삽입하지 않은 영상을 각각 촬영하였다. Phantom 내의 동일한 위치에 ROI1, ROI2를 설정하여 금속이 없는 경우의 영상과 금속으로 인한 Artifact가 발생한 영상, IMAR Algorithm을 적용한 영상에서 CT Number값의 차이를 비교하였다. 또, 금속 주변에 위치한 조직등가물질의 CT Number값을 비교하였다. 척추에 임플란트 시술을 시행한 환자를 가정하여 Rando 팬텀의 척추 부위에 Titanium 봉을 삽입하여 CT 촬영을 하였다. IMAR Algorithm 적용 전과 후의 영상에서 같은 부위에 ROI 1, ROI 2를 설정하여 CT Number값을 측정하고, 각각의 영상에 동일한 양성자 치료계획을 세워 세 지점에서 양성자선의 비정(Range)의 차이를 비교하였다. 결 과: CIRS Phantom 평가에서 금속이 없는 경우의 평균 CT number값은 ROI 1에서 -6.5 HU, ROI 2에서 -10.5 HU였다. 금속이 있는 경우 Fe, Ti, W 순으로 ROI 1에서 -148.1, -45.1, -151.7 HU였으며 IMAR Algorithm을 적용 하였을 때는 -0.9, -2.0, -1.9 HU로 증가하였다. ROI 2에서는 금속이 있는 경우 171.8, 63.9, 177.0 HU였으며 IMAR Algorithm 적용 후에는 10.0, 6.7, 8.1 HU로 감소하였다. 조직등가물질의 CT Number값은 가장 멀리 위치한 폐를 제외하고 모두 원래의 CT Number값에 가깝게 보정이 되었다. Rando Phantom 평가는 금속이 없는 경우와 금속이 있는 경우, IMAR Algorithm을 적용하였을 때 평균 CT Number값은 각각 ROI 1에서 9.9, -202.8, 35.1 HU였으며 ROI 2에서 9.0, 107.1, 29 HU였다. 치료계획에서 금속이 없을 때와 양성자선의 Range의 차이는 IMAR Algorithm을 적용하였을 때 1번 지점에서 평균 0.26 cm 감소하였으며 2번 지점에서 평균 0.20 cm 감소하였다. 3번 지점에서는 평균 0.12 cm 감소하였다. 결 론: IMAR Algorithm을 적용함으로써 CT Number값은 금속이 없을 때의 원래의 값에 가깝게 보정되었다. 또, 양성자 치료계획의 Beam Profile에서 IMAR Algorithm 적용 후 비정의 차이가 0.01에서 최대 3.6 mm 줄어들었다. Artifact가 존재하지 않는 영상과 비교하여 약간의 차이는 존재하지만 양성자의 비정에 따른 선량의 급격한 변화를 고려한다면 금속이 있는 환자에게 IMAR Algorithm의 적용은 유용할 것으로 사료된다.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70