• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2001

The response of respiration rates of root, Ao layer and mineral soil to varying environmental factors was studied in Popuius maximowiczii stand (25-year-old) during the growing season of 1997. Soil temperature showed a pronounced seasonal course, in contrast to soil moisture. The mineral soil respiration was high in August, and root and Ao layer respiration, were high in July. An exponential equation best described the relationships between soil temperature and mineral soil respiration, and total soil respiration (r＝0.95 and 0.92, p＜0.001), respectively. In P. maximowiczii stand, soil respiration rates were reduced by about 19% after removal of the Ao layer, and by about 30% after removal of living root. Therefore, mineral soil respiration seemed to contribute gretly to the total soil respiration (50%).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2010

This paper was studied $CO_2$ respiration rate with physicochemical properties of soils at wetland, paddy field and forest in Nongju-ri, Haeryong-myeon, Suncheon city, Jeollanam-do. Soil temperature and $CO_2$ respiration rate were measured at the field, and soil pH, moisture and soil organic carbon were analyzed in laboratory. Field monitoring was conducted at 6 points (W3, W7, W13, W17, W23, W27) for wetland, 3 points (P1, P2, P3) for paddy field and 3 points (F1, F2, F3) for forest in 10 January 2009. $CO_2$ concentrations in chamber were measured 352~382 ppm for wetland, 364~382 ppm for paddy field and 379~390 ppm for forest, and the average values were 370 ppm, 370 ppm and 385 ppm, respectively. $CO_2$ respiration rates of soils were measured $-73{\sim}44\;mg/m^2/hr$ for wetland, $-74{\sim}24\;mg/m^2/hr$ for paddy field and $-55{\sim}106\;mg/m^2/hr$ for forest, and the average values were $-8\;mg/m^2/hr$, $-25\;mg/m^2/hr$ and $38\;mg/m^2/hr$. $CO_2$ was uptake from air to soil in wetland and paddy field, but it was emission from soil to air in forest. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in uptake condition increased exponential and linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. But, it in emission condition decreased linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in wetland decreased linear as soil moisture, but its in paddy and forest increased linear as soil moisture. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in all sites increased linear as soil pH, and increasing rate at forest was highest.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2007

중질유로 오염된 토양의 생물학적 정화에 있어 amendment의 처리효과를 보고자 포장에서 pilot 규모로 105일간 실험을 수행하였다. 실험기간 중 주기적으로 토양시료를 채취하여 유류성분과 생물학적 활성과 관련된 분석을 수행하였는데 퇴비의 처리구들에서 쌀겨+무기양분처리구에 비하여 유류성분의 분해활성이 현저하게 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 105일 경과 후 amendment 처리구들에서는 초기농도 $6,205{\pm}173mgkg^{-1}$의 $33{\sim}45%$가 소실된 반면 무처리구에서는 8%만이 분해된 것으로 나타났다. 퇴비처리구들에서 무처리구 및 쌀겨처리구에 비해서 높은 중질유 분해활성을 관찰할 수 있었는데 실험기간 중 모니터링한 생물학적 지표들 중 soil respiration, dehydrogenase, lipase, urease 등의 효소활성이 쌀겨처리구에 비해 현저하게 높은 활성이 관찰되었고 이들 미생물학적 지표들과 중질유의 분해정도 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 존재하였다(p < 0.01).

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2014

Plastic film houses are directly associated with increases in plant growth and yield of vegetable crops through a year round cultivation, however, at the same time temperature stresses are one of fates which are difficult to avoid during crop growth. The objective of this study was to examine the translocation and distribution of minerals (N, P, K) and carbohydrates as well as seasonal fluctuation of mineral uptake and carbohydrate production in cucumber plant grown under moderately high temperature. The temperature treatments consisted of 2-layers film houses (optimal temp.) and 3-layers (high temp.). Shoot growth of cucumber plants were linearly increased until 14 weeks after transplanting (WAT) without any significant difference between both temperatures, and the slowdown was observed from 16 WAT. The level of soluble sugar and starch was slightly greater in optimal temperature compared to the high. Cumulative accumulation of soluble sugar was significantly different before and after 12 WAT in both treatments, whereas starch level represented a constant increase. Monthly production of soluble sugar reached the peak between 12 to 16 WAT, and starch peaked between 4 to 8 WAT and 12 to 16 WAT. Total uptake of N, P and K in optimal and high temperature conditions was $18.4g\;plant^{-1}$ and 17.6 for N, 4.7 and 5.1 for P, and 37.7 and 36.2 for K, respectively, and the pattern of monthly N uptake between optimal and high temperatures was greater in early growth stage, whereas was greater in mid growth stage in both P and K. Thus, this study suggests that moderately high temperature influences much greater to photosynthesis and carbohydrate production than plant biomass and mineral uptake. On the basis of the present result, it is required to indentify analysis of respiration rates from plant and soil by constantly increasing temperature conditions and field studies where elevated temperatures are monitored and manipulated.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 2015

Monitoring of $CO_2$ release through the ground surface is essential to confirm the safety of carbon storage projects. We conducted a feasibility study of the multi-channel surface-soil $CO_2$-concentration monitoring (SCM) system as a soil $CO_2$ monitoring tool with a small scale injection test. The background concentrations showed the distinct diurnal variation. The negative relation of $CO_2$ with temperature and the low $CO_2$ concentrations during the day imply that surface-soil $CO_2$ depends on photosynthesis and respiration. After 4.2 kg of $CO_2$ injection (1 m depth for 29 minutes), surface-soil $CO_2$ concentrations increased in the all five chambers, which were located less than 2.8 m of distance from each other. The $CO_2$ concentrations seem to be recovered to the background around 4 hours after the injection ended. To determine the leakage, the data from Chamber 2 and 5 with low increase rates were used for statistical analyses. Coefficient of variation for 30 minutes ($CV_{30min}$.) is efficient to determine a leakage signal, with reflecting the fast change in $CO_2$ concentrations. Consequently, SCM and $CV_{30min}$ could be applied for an efficient monitoring tool to detect $CO_2$ release through the ground surface. Also, this study provides ideas for establishing action steps after leakage detection.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2016

Distribution and behavior of baseline soil CO₂ were investigated in a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site in Pohang, with measuring CO₂ concentrations and carbon isotopes in the vadose zone as well as CO₂ fluxes and concentrations through ground surface. This investigation aimed to assess the baseline CO₂ levels and to build the CO₂ monitoring system before injecting CO₂. The gas in the vadose zone was collected using a peristaltic pump from the depth of 60 cm below ground surface, and stored at gas bags. Then the gas components (CO₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄) and δ¹³C_CO2 were analyzed using GC and CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) respectively in laboratory. CO₂ fluxes and CO₂ concentrations through ground surface were measured using Li-COR in field. In result, the median of the CO₂ concentrations in the vadose zone was about 3,000 ppm, and the δ¹³C_CO2 were in the wide range between −36.9‰ and −10.6‰. The results imply that the fate of CO₂ in the vadose zone was affected by soil property and vegetations. CO₂ in sandy or loamy soils originated from the respiration of microorganisms and the decomposition of C₃ plants. In gravel areas, the CO₂ concentrations decreased while the δ¹³C_CO2 increased because of the mixing with the atmospheric gas. In addition, the relation between O₂ and CO₂, N₂, and the relation between N₂/O₂ and CO₂ implied that the gases in the vadose zone dissolved in the infiltrating precipitation or the soil moisture. The median CO₂ flux through ground surface was 2.9 g/m²/d which is lower than the reported soil CO₂ fluxes in areas with temperate climates. CO₂ fluxes measured in sandy and loamy soil areas were higher (median 5.2 g/m²/d) than those in gravel areas (2.6 g/m²/d). The relationships between CO₂ fluxes and concentrations suggested that the transport of CO₂ from the vadose zone to ground surface was dominated by diffusion in the study area. In gravel areas, the mixing with atmospheric gases was significant. Based on this study result, a soil monitoring procedure has been established for a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site. Also, this study result provides ideas for innovating soil monitoring technologies.

• 한국생물환경조절학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물환경조절학회 1997년도 봄 심포지움 및 학술논문발표요지
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• pp.23-27
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• 1997

Bio-Green(B.G.) functional water was manufactured by Kyungwon Enterprise Co. through a series of processes ; water longrightarrow ultra-purification longrightarrow adding catalysts longrightarrow energy imprinting fermenting with energized water + zeolite and others + photosynthetic bacteria in fermenter longrightarrow filtering. Control(0), 5 or 10 liters of B.G. functional water were supplied to the orchard soil under canopy of 10 year old 'Tsugaru'/M26 apple trees on March 20, May 20 and June 20, 1995, respectively. Some orchard soil characteristics, not only pH, but also Ca and Mg of exchangeable cations were increased by supply with B.G. functional water. However, P$_2$O$_{5}$, K, and B contents were not influenced by the treatment. At harvest time soluble solid content of flesh and anthocyanin of fruit skin were increased by the treatment. B.G. functional water treatment showed higher root activities, and photosynthesis of leaves than that of control. Also B.G. functional water treatment showed higher Ca content in fruit skin and flesh tissues, whereas not affected N, K, and Mg contents. During storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ cold room, the more volume of B.G. functional water supply showed lower bitter pit symptom. Respiration and ethylene evolution in fruit were decreased, while fruit firmness increased by the treatment during storage.e.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.290-303
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• 2003

현대 농업은 과도한 인구 증가에 따른 필요한 식량을 충족하기 위해 화학비료에 많이 의존하고 있다. 이는 농작물의 집약적인 경작으로 인해 토양의 중요 식물영양소가 점차 고갈되고 유기물 함량이 낮아진 토양에서 양분을 공급하기 위해 화학비료를 많이 사용하기 때문이다. 그러나 화학비료의 무분별한 사용은 화학비료의 가격상승과 더불어 화석연료의 소모를 늘리며, 심각한 환경오염을 일으키게 되었다. 따라서, 현재 세계가 주목하고 있는 새로운 방안은 농업 환경을 유지시키는 토양에 인산과 질소를 높이는 bacteria, fungi, algae와 같은 미생물의 접종과 함께 유기물 비료를 시비함으로서 화학 비료의 효능을 증가시키거나 화학비료의 대체 영양분으로 이용하는 것이다. 이러한 미생물비료 중 Azospirillum은 식물뿌리에 군집화 함에 있어 기주 식물에 특이성이 없으며, 넓은 범위의 pH 환경과 질소화합물이 존재하는 환경에서도 질소고정이 가능하다. Azospirillum 균 접종은 10-25%의 수확량 증가를 나타냈으며 질소비료시비를 25% 절감시키는 효과를 나타내었다. 질소고정 외에 Azospirillum은 뿌리의 생육을 증가시켜 무기양분과 수분의 흡수를 증가시킨다. 또한, Azospirillum은 식물 생장 호르몬을 생성하여 뿌리호흡 및 물질대사와 뿌리의 생장 및 활력을 높이고 polyhydroxybutyrate를 생성 이용하여 thermosplastic을 분해할 수 있다고 보고되고 있으며, 이러한 Azospirillum의 호르몬 생성 및 질소 고정 효능을 증대 향상시키기위해 많이 연구되고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 친환경농업을 위한 유용미생물로써 Azospirillum의 효율적 가치를 평가하였다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 1997

바이오 그린 기능수는 지하수 순수화$\longrightarrow$처리 촉매제 첨가$\longrightarrow$에너지 imprinting$\longrightarrow$여과 과정을 거쳐 제조되는 미약 에너지 발생 신소재로서 10년생 사과 쓰가루/M26 품종의 수관하부에 1995년 4월 20일, 5월 20일 및 6월 20일 ‘바이오 그린’ 기능수를 주당 0, 5, l0$\ell$씩 관주 처리하여 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 사과원 토양의 화학적 특성에 있어서 무처리구의 pH 5.73에 비하여 기능수 처리구는 pH 6.31-6.43이었고, 기능수 처리에 의하여 치환성 Ca 및 Mg 함량이 증가되었다. 한편 P$_2$ $O_{5}$, K 및 B 함량은 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 기능수 처리에 의하여 수확기 사과 과실의 당함량과 과피의 안토시아닌 함량이 증가되었고, Ca 함량이 현저히 증가되었다. 그러나 N, K, Mg는 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 기능수가 처리된 사과의 수체특성에 있어서 뿌리활력과 잎의 광합성 능력이 향상되었다. 과실 저장중 (4$^{\circ}C$) 기능수 처리구의 과실은 고두병 발생이 현저히 감소되었고, 호흡과 에틸렌 발생량이 상대적으로 적었으며, 높은 과실 경도를 나타냄으로써 과실 저장력이 향상되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.176-187
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• 1983

마늘 flavor의 발현과 flavor에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대하여 살펴보았다. 마늘 flavor는 alk(en)yl-$\small{L}$-cysteine sulfoxide에 alliinase가 작용하여 생성된 alk(en)yl thiosulfinate에 의한 것으로 alk(en)yl기는 주로 allyl기이다. 마늘의 flavor세기는 성숙도 부위, 배양조건, 저장조건, 가공처리법에 따라 달라진다. 마늘의 flavor를 증진시키기 위해서는, 마늘 재배시 토양내 유황의 함량이 많을수록 flavor 전구체의 생성량이 증가하여 flavor 세기가 커졌으므로, 충분한 양의 유황을 공급하되 alliin함량이 최대로 되기 위한 다른 무기질과의 조성비율 중 현재까지 연구된 2종류의 무기질 조성(NS : ${NO_3}^{-2}$, 40%, ${SO_4}^{-2}$, 60%, NP : ${NO_3}^{-2}$, 62%, ${PO_4}^{-3}$, 38%)을 고려하여야 할 것이며, 너무 습하지 않은 토양에서 재배하는것이 바람직하다. 마늘은 성숙함에 따라 인편내 alliin함량도 증가되므로 완전히 성숙한 후에 수확하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한 마늘의 flavor를 유지하기 위해서는 수확후 저장하는 동안에 일어나는 flavor 손실을 최소로 하여야 할 것이다. 자연조건에 저장하는 동안에 일어나는 flavor 손실은 주로 호흡, 발아, 부패에 의한 것이므로 이를 억제하기 위한 저장방법으로 저온 저습저장, 예건처리, gas치환, 발아억제 처리등의 방법이 있으나 현재까지 경제, 실용성등을 고려하여 가장 많이 사용하는 방법은 예건처리후 저온저습조건에 저장하는 방법이다. 가공처리된 마늘은 생마늘에 비하여 flavor가 상당히 많이 감소되는데 건조시켜 분말로 만들 경우, 건조방법에 따라 flavor 감소정도는 크지만 flavor 감소율이 적은 방법 (진공건조, 동결건조)이라도 그 손실률은 거의 50%에 달한다. 그외의 마늘 가공처리품들인 oil이나 extract등도 제조시 기질과 효소가 접촉하는 과정을 거칠 때 flavor의 손실이 크므로 되도록 이면 flavor 손실이 크지 않은 방법으로 제조하는 것이 바람직하다. 마늘 flavor를 합성하는 방법으로는 thiosulfinate 합성에 의한 방법과 alk(en)yl-$\small{L}$-cysteine sulfo-xide-alliinase 분해물에 의한 방법, 그리고 $\small{L}$-5-alk(en)yl thiomethylhydantoin${\pm}$S-oxides에 의한 방법이 있으며 이들 방법에 의해 생마늘과 유사한 flavor를 얻을 수 있어 앞으로 식품첨가물로서 기대되는 바이다.