• Resources Recycling
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.32-49
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• 1994

Hydration process is one of the basic carbonation system. Limestone sludge produced in Pohang Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. We tested for identify of hydration characteristics. The result obtained in this study can be summarized as follows; 1. The classify of limestone sludge is type of ground calcium carbonate(-3mm+325mesh)and the major mineral of calcite, and further more high grade(CaO 51%), fine powder(15~22$\mu\textrm{m}$). 2. Limestone sludge mixed two process sludge, first one is washing process sludge and the other one is wet collect kiln dust. The composition rate is about 8:2. Wet collect kiln dust is major mineral of calcite, too. But the sludge is assumed to one by quick lime, slaked lime and unreacted natural limestone. So, the ideal process is dividing of the washing process sludge and wet collect kiln dust. 3. We manufactured of slaked lime from limestone sludge. To investigate the effect of hydration reactor, the experiments was done with various reactor type as magnetic stirrer, shaking incubator and ultrasonic vibration reactor, respectively. Generally, ultrasonic vibration reactor is excellent hydration for limestone sludge and produced very fine slaked lime powder with ideal distribution. 4. The optimum condition is 10% pulp density, when the manufacture of fine slaked lime powder by ultrasonic vibration reactor. And hydration times to compare the results of the study with ultrasonic vibration reactor of generalized most short time(5~10 min). 5. Finally, the dispersive characteristics of slaked lime powder measured 1~5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ from limestone sludge were compared with those of natural limestone ones(10~20$\mu\textrm{m}$), in order to check applicability of slaked lime with hydration process from limestone sludge.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.493-500
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• 2007

In general, it accomplished a spectral reflectance analysis to be, the measurement results appear differently by targets, methods and condition. This paper presents a standard methodology for preprocessing mineral/rock samples and setting the distance from a target to the sensor, and then examines closely the spectral features for pyrophyllite. The size of mineral/rock samples is various according to the condition and scale of outcrop, so it is important to maintain the distance between the sensor and the sample. Before standardization for preprocessing samples and the sensor and sample distance, we prepare various rock samples (Quartz Porphyry) such as natural rock, pebble, powder and cutting rock. For a qualitative analysis to minimize the effect of surface condition of the sample and shadow, we maintains the distance from the sample to the sensor at 30cm and measures three times repeatedly for cutting the sample at $1{\sim}2cm$ thickness. To illustrate the proposed methodology, a case study for pyrophyllite was carried out. In this study, pyrophyllite showed an absorption pattern at wave length of 1.406nm, 1,868nm, 2.180nm and 2.309nm, and a higher grade represented strong absorption at 1.406nm and 2.180 nm. These absorption feature corresponds the band 7 of LANDSAT TM and band 8 of ASTER imageries. So, using these results, pyrophyllite deposits were extracted from other features (such as barren area, concrete area, bed of river, stone pit area etc.).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.343-363
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• 2023

Sulawesi island, as a global producer of nickel resources, is leading the rapid growth of nickel industry of Indonesia. Nickel laterite deposits in Sulawesi was formed by lateritization of the world-scale East Sulawesi Ophiolite (ESO) under the active tectonic setting and tropical rainforest climate. In this paper, exploration cases for nickel laterite deposits in five regions of Sulawesi are reported. Regional characteristics on nickel laterite deposits in Sulawesi are understood based on various exploration activities such as outcrop, trench and pit survey, petrological observation, geochemical analysis, and interpretation of drilling data, etc.. In the northeastern part of 'Southeast-Arm', which is a strategic location for nickel industry of Indonesia, ESO is extensively exposed to the surface. In the Morombo and Morowali regions, typical high-grade saprolite-type orebodies with a thickness of 10 to 20 m occur. The cases showed that topographic relief tends to regulate Ni-grade distribution and orebody thickness, and that high grade intervals tend to occur in places where joints and garnierite veins are dense. In the Tinanggea and South Palangga regions in the southern part of the Southeast-Arm, overburden composed of Neogene to Quaternary deposits is a major factor affecting the preservation and profitability of nickel laterite deposits. Despite the overburden, high-grade saprolite-type orebodies composed of Ni-bearing serpentine with garnierite veins occur in a thickness of around 10 m to secure economic feasibility. In contrast, in the Ampana region in the northern part of 'East-Arm', low-grade nickel laterite deposits with immature laterite profile was identified, which is thought to be the result of active denudation due to tectonic uplift. Exploration cases in this paper will help to understand characteristics and controlling factors on nickel laterite deposits in Sulawesi, Indonesia.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1992

In this study, a talc flotation was fundamentally carried out with dolomite origin talc ore produced in Dong Yang Talc Mine at Chung-Ju. This ores are mainly composed with talc as a valuable mineral, dolomite as a gangue mineral and other minor minerals of hornblende, tremolite, actinolite, chlorite, calcite, epidote and iron oxide. In order to obtain some of fundamental data for the talc flotation from low grade dolomitic talc tailings which were abandoned -25mm +17 mm size, after the treatment of crude talc ores by screening and hand -picking at the mine, flotation characteristics of the pure talc and dolomite in this ores were first investigated by measuring floatability of the minerals at some experiment conditions. Furthermore, Several times of batch flotations for talc were performed experimentally to recover talc from the low grade dolomitic talc tailings. From the results obtained in this experiment, the conclusions can be summarized as follows ; 1) In the flotation of pure talc, the use of Dowfroth 250 as frother was the most effective in various kinds of frother and the proper addition amount was about 50 mg/${\ulcorner}$(200g/t) at the condition of this experiment. 2) In the flotation of pure talc, the use of kerosene as collector was not adequate, at the addition over 50mg/l of Dowfroth 250. 3) The adequate pH of pulp ranged from pH6 to pH9 in the talc flotation using Dowfroth 250 as frother. 4) The use of Quebracho as depressant for dolomite was not adequate for the recovery of talc, and more selective depressant was required. 5) In the talc flotation on D sample(dolomitic talc tailing), the suitable number of cleaning time was about 3. 6) At this experimental conditions for the talc flotation on D sample, the talc flotation concentrates of 1. 40% CaO and 84.5 whiteness could be recovered with the talc recovery of about 53%.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2013

Metal prices are rapidly rising due to increasing demand of metals and limited available resources according to the industrial requirement. As a result, securing a stable supply of these metal resources has been recognized as a core element of national competitiveness and sustained economic growth. In the case of magnesium and its alloys which are entirely depending on import, low-grade magnesium scraps from end-of-life vehicles and 3C(Camera, Computer, Communication) parts and magnesium wastes such as sludge and dross generated during melting process are hardly recycled. Accordingly, the development and commercialization of recycling technology of low-grade magnesium scrap is desperately needed to improve efficiency of resource circulation and to establish the required proprietary of resource metal supply and demand. In this study, papers and patents on recycling technologies of waste magnesium were analyzed. The range of search was limited in the open patents of USA (US), European Union (EP), Japan (JP), Korea (KR) and SCI journals from 1974 to 2012. Patents and journals were collected using key-words searching and filtered by filtering criteria. The trends of the patents and journals was analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.335-347
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• 2016

The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of diverse carbonate rocks can be investigated by using VNIRSWIR(visible near infrared-short wavelength infrared) spectroscopic analysis as a rapid, nondestructive, and inexpensive tool. Comparing whole rock analysis to VNIR-SWIR spectroscopic analysis, the analytical method was investigated to estimate CaO contents, mud impurity, and whiteness of carbonate rocks involved in high-grade limestones in the field. We classify typical carbonate rocks in the upper Pungchon Formation in high-grade limestone mine area such as the Gangweon, Chungmu and Baegun mine in the Jeongseon area. The results show that powdered specimen has much higher reflectance than cutted specimen between the same sample. Whiteness is highly correlated with reflectance(0.99) for powdered specimen. The absorption of mineral mixtures shifts in position as a result of the mass ratio of calcite and dolomite in the Chungmu mine by changing to 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75. The absorption peak position in carbonate mixtures is highly correlated with CaO contents(0.98~0.99). Based on color system, the carbonate rocks are grouped into (milky) white, light grey, light brown, grey, and dark grey. The absorption peak position shifts from 2340 nm to 2320 nm as CaO contents decrease from 55.86 wt.% to 29.71 wt.%. We confirmed that absorption peak position shifts depending on the amount of Ca, which is bonded to $CO{_3}^{-2}$, Mg, and Fe contents replacing Ca. This result suggests that CaO contents in carbonate rocks can be considered to quantitative analysis in the field by spectroscopic analysis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.227-237
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• 1986

The Duk-Eum mine located in Kongsan-myeon, Naju-gun, Cheolanamdo is producing silver ore mainly, with rare gold association. The grade-up and recovery of the concentrates have been concerned to the main problem. And then, this study aimed at applying the basic data for ore processing. In the first half of the study, the attempts were made to identify the ore minerals, this followed by determination of the mineral texture, paragenesis, grain size, and size distribution by employing the microscopical method and the etching test. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The ore deposit is composed of the hydrothermal fissure linked veins, and filling cavities are mostly tensile fractures or joints, in rhyolitic rocks as a wall rock. 2. The principle ore minerals are native silver, acanthite, canfieldite, pyrargyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, zincite, and the gangue minerals are quartz and calcite. 3. The grain size of each ore minerals before grinding are; max. $2\frac{1}{2}$ mesh, medium 48-100 mesh(main size, contained over 80%), min. 3200mesh. And the grain size of each ore minerals after grinding is; max. 42mesh, medium 65-250mesh(main size, contained over 80%), min. 3200mesh. 4. The properties of the mineral texture effected on the ore dressing are follows; a) Inclusion texture; the fine grains of chalcopyrite is included in most acanthite, and rarely, that of galena included in acanthite. b) Exsolution texture; pyrargyrite is exsolved in acanthite. c) Replacement texture; native silver replaced pyrargyrite, and acanthite replaced galena. d) Interlocking paragenetic texture; the interlocking paragenetic minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, canfieldite. e) Fissure filling texture; chalcopyrite was filled along the cracks in acanthite. Among of the above texture, it is impossible to liberate the grains of a), and more difficult to liberate those of b) and c), while easy to liberate those of d) and e).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.500-506
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted with twenty crossbred male calves (7-15 days old) divided into 4 different experimental groups on the basis of body weights to study the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration and immune response of the calves. All the calves were fed on milk and calf starter up to 13 weeks and afterwards, they were fed on concentrate mixture and oat hay up to 32 weeks of age. In addition, the calves in groups I, II, III and IV were supplemented with 0, 125, 250 and 500 IU feed grade DL-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 day and subsequently at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 months of age to monitor the serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration in crossbred calves. After 24 weeks of experimental feeding, 4 animals from each group were intramuscularly inoculated with single dose (3 ml) of Haemorrhagic septiceaemia (Pasteurella multocida P52 strain) oil adjuvant vaccine. The cumulative group mean serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration (${\mu}g/100ml$) was 88.12, 210.11, 235.21 and 294.02 in-groups I, II, III and IV, respectively and differed significantly (p<0.001) among the four groups. Lymphocyte stimulation indices (LSI) did not differ among the groups significantly. The pooled mean ELISA antibody titer against Pasteurella multocida (P52 strain) was 788.02, 926.85, 1,214.00 and 1,109.51 for group I, II, III and IV, respectively, which indicated higher antibody titer in groups supplemented with vitamin E as compared to the control group. It may be concluded that vitamin E supplementation increased the ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration in serum and dietary supplementation of vitamin E at higher level has a humoral immune enhancing effect against killed bacterial antigen.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1979

The contents of Sodium, Magnesium, Iron, nickel , Copper, Maganese and Zinc in Korean tobacco leaves Produced in 1978, were investigated. The contents of each mineral element in tobacco leaves of various varieties were as follows ; Mg was 5370$\mu{g}/g-7640\mu{g}/g$, Burley> Flue -cured >Native. Mn was 210$\mu{g}/g-1290\mu{g}/g$, Burley>Flue -cured>Native. Fe was 330$\mu{g}/g-590\mu{g}/g$, Burley>Flue -cured>Native. Zn was 500$\mu{g}/g$ -100, Native > Burley>Flue-cured. Na, Ni and Cu showed no difference between the types. The contents of Ha, Mg, Mn, Ni and Cu were reduced in the order of Heavy 5, 3, 1 and increased in the order of Light 1, 3, 5 grades. The correlation coefficient (r) between Mg and grade in Hicks, SC 72 and HC 2326 were 0.770-0.981, and significance level was 0.1 % .

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1171-1171
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• 2001

Quantitative analysis is an important requirement in exploration, mining and processing of minerals. There is an increasing need for the use of quantitative mineralogical data to assist with bore hole logging, deposit delineation, grade control, feed to processing plants and monitoring of solid process residues. Quantitative analysis using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) requires fine grinding and the addition of a reference material, or the application of Rietveld analysis to XRD patterns to provide accurate analysis of the suite of minerals present. Whilst accurate quantitative data can be obtained in this manner, the method is time consuming and limited to the laboratory. Mid infrared when combined with multivariant analysis has also been used for quantitative analysis. However, factors such as the absorption coefficients and refractive index of the minerals requires special sample preparation and dilution in a dispersive medium, such as KBr to minimize distortion of spectral features. In contrast, the lower intensity of the overtones and combinations of the fundamental vibrations in the near infrared allow direct measurement of virtually any solid without special sample preparation or dilution. Thus Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has found application for quantitative on-line/in line analysis and control in a range of processing applications which include, moisture control in clay and textile processing, fermentation processes, wheat analysis, gasoline analysis and chemicals and polymers. It is developing rapidly in the mineral exploration industry and has been underpinned by the development of portable NIR spectrometers and spectral libraries of a wide range of minerals. For example, iron ores have been identified and characterized in terms of the individual mineral components using field spectrometers. Data acquisition time of NIR field instruments is of the order of seconds and sample preparation is minimal. Consequently these types of spectrometers have great potential for in-line or on-line application in the minerals industry. To demonstrate the applicability of NIR field spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of minerals, a specific example on the quantification of lateritic bauxites will be presented. It has been shown that the application of Partial Least Squares regression analysis (PLS) to the NIR spectra can be used to quantify chemistry and mineralogy in a range of lateritic bauxites. Important, issues such as sampling, precision, repeatability, and replication which influence the results will be discussed.