• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.424-430
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• 2009

Electromagnetic wave energies are consumed in the form of thermal energy, which is mainly caused by magnetic loss, dielectric loss and conductive loss. In this study, CNT was added to the nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials inducing a high magnetic loss, in order to improve the dielectric loss of the EM wave absorption sheet. Generally, the aspect ratio and the dispersion state of CNT can be changed by the pre-ball milling process, which affects the absorbing properties. After the various ball-milling processes, 1wt% of CNTs were mixed with the nanocrystalline $Fe_{73}Si_{16}B_7Nb_{3}Cu_1$ base powder, and then further processed to make EM absorption sheets. As a result, the addition of CNT to Fe-based nanocrystalline materials improved the absorption properties. However, the increase of ball-milling time for more than 1h was not desirable for the powder mixture, because the ballmilling caused the shortening of CNT length and the agglomeration of the CNT flakes.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1998

The strain of Serratia marcescens QM B1466 produces selectively large amount of chitinolytic enzymes (about 1mg/L medium). Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin to N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosamine (NAG) was performed with a system consisting of two hydrolases (chitinase and chitobiase) produced by optimization of a microbial host consuming chitin particles. For the development of Large-scale biological process for the production of NAG from chitinaceous waste, the selection and optimization of a microbial host, particle size of crab/shrimp chitin sources and initial induction time using chitin as a sole carbon source on chitinase/chitobiase production and NAG production were examined. Crab-shell chitin(1.5%) treated by dilute acid and , ball-milled with a normal diameter less than 250m gave the highest chitinase activity over a 7 days culture. Crude chitinase/ chitobiase solution obtained in a 10 L fed-batch fermentation showed a maximum activities of 23.6 U/mL and 5.1 U/mL, respectively with a feeding time of 3 hrs, near pH 8.5 at 30$^{\circ}C$.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1615-1615
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• 2001

During the past ten years, Near Infrared Spectroscopy has been successfully applied to the analysis of a great variety of agriculture products. Previous works (Morra et al., 1991; Salgo et al., 1998) have shown the potential of this technology for soil analysis, estimating different parameters just with one single scan. The main advantages of NIR applications in soils are the speed of response, allowing the increase of the number of samples analysed to define a particular soil, and the instantaneous elaboration of recommendations for fertilization and soil amendment. Another advantage is to avoid the use of chemical reagents at all, being an environmentally safe technique. In this paper, we have studied a set of 129 soil samples selected from representative glasshouse soils from Southern Spain. The samples were dried, milled, and sieved to pass a 2 mm sieve and then analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen (nitrate ammonium), hygroscopic humidity, pH and electrical conductivity in the 1:1 extract. NIR spectra of all samples were obtained in reflectance mode using a Foss NIR Systems 6500 spectrophotometer equipped with a spinning module. Calibration equations were developed for seven analytical parameters (ph, Total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, organic carbon, C/N ratio and Electric Conductivity). Preliminary results show good correlation coefficients and standard errors of cross validation in equations obtained for Organic Carbon, Organic Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen and C/N ratio. Calibrations for nitrates and nitrites, ammonia and electric conductivity were not acceptable. Calibration obtained for pH had an acceptable SECV, but the determination coefficient was found very poor probably due to the reduced range in reference values. Since the estimation of Organic Carbon and C/N ratio are acceptable NIIRS could be used as a fast method to assess the necessity of organic amendments in soils from Mediterranean regions where the low level of organic matter in soils constitutes an important agronomic problem. Furthermore, the possibility of a single and fast estimation of Total Nitrogen (tedious determination by modifications of the Kjeldahl procedure) could provide and interesting data to use in the estimation of nitrogen fertilizer rates by means of nitrogen balances.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2004

In the present study, newly developed spark plasma sintering(SPS) technique was introduced to refine the grain size of ${\gamma}$-based TiAl intermetallic compounds. Ti-46Al-1.5Mo and Ti-46Al-1.5Mo-0.2C(at%) prealloyed powders were produced by mechanical milling(MM) in high-energy attritor. The mechanically milled powders were characterized by XRD and SEM for the microstructural evolution as a function of milling time. And then, the MMed powders were sintered by both spark plasma sintering and hot pressing in vacuum (HP). After the sintering process, MM-SPSed specimens were heat-treated in a vacuum furnace (SPS-VHT) and in the SPS equipment(MM-SPS) for microstructural control. It was found from microstrutural observation that the microstructure consisting of equiaxed ${\gamma}$-TiAl with a few hundred nanometer in average size and ${\alpha}_2-Ti_3Al$ particles were formed after both sintering processes. It was also revealed from hardness test and three-point bending test that the effect of grain refinement on the hardness and bending strength is much higher than that of carbon addition. The fully lamellar microstructures, which is less than $80{\mu}m$ in average grain size was obtained by SPS-VHT process, and the fully lamellar microstructure which is less than $100{\mu}m$ in average grain size was obtained by MM-SPS for a relatively shorter heat-treatment time.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.436-442
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• 2014

$LaCoO_3$ powders synthesized by Pechini process were pulverized by planetary ball-milling to decrease particle size and characterized as a catalyst in alkaline solution for oxygen reduction and evolution reaction (ORR & OER). The changes of physical properties, such as particle size distribution, surface area and electric conductivity, were analyzed as a function of ball-milling time. Also, the variations of the crystal structure and surface morphology of ball-milled powders were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The electrochemically catalytic activities of the intrinsic $LaCoO_3$ powders decreased with increasing ball-milling time, but their electrochemical performance as an electrode improved by the increase of the surface area of the powder.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.372-380
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• 2009

현사시나무 분말(60 mesh 통과)을 압력 $220{\pm}10atm$, 온도 $325{\sim}425^{\circ}C$ 범위 내에서 60초 간 초임계수로 처리한 후에 미분해 고형잔사를 얻을 수 있었다. 고형잔사 내 섬유상 물질을 구성하는 주요 당은 글루코오스와 자일로스였으며, 가장 높은 온도인 $425^{\circ}C$에서 초임계수 처리를 하였을 때 글루코오스/자일로스 구성 비율이 가장 높게 측정되었다. 초임계수 반응온도가 높아질수록 고형 잔사를 구성하는 섬유상 물질의 비율은 감소하였으나, 리그닌의 비율은 상대적으로 증가하였다. 고형잔사에 존재하는 리그닌의 H (p-hydroxyphenyl) : G (guaiacyl) : S (syringyl) 비율은 분석형 열분해법으로 측정하였으며, 반응온도에 따른 변화 없이 비교적 일정하게 나타났다. 고형잔사를 구성하는 리그닌의 H : G : S 조성을 현사시나무에서 단리한 milled wood lignin (MWL)과 비교해보면 G 형 단량체의 비율에는 큰 변화가 없었지만, H 형 단량체 비율은 비교적 낮게 측정되었고, 반면 S 형 단량체 비율은 증가하였다. 초임계수 당화과정에 염산촉매를 첨가하면 H 비율의 감소와 S 비율의 증가는 더욱 두드러지게 나타났다. 니트로벤젠 산화법(nitrobenzene oxidation)에 의하면 현사시나무 MWL에서 획득한 vanillin과 syringaldehyde의 수율은 약 265 mg/g MWL으로 측정되었지만, 초임계수 고형성분의 NBO 분석 결과에 의하면 반응온도를 높여 주거나 염산촉매를 첨가하면 NBO 분해산물은 두드러지게 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 초임계수 반응 조건에서 리그닌의 주요 결합 양식인 $\beta$-O-4 결합이 비교적 쉽게 끊어지는 것으로 해석되며, 따라서 초임계수 반응 후 고형성분에 존재하는 리그닌은 $\beta$-O-4 결합 대신 탄소-탄소 결합에 의한 축합형 페놀고분자로 예측되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제8권10호
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• pp.918-924
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• 1998

본 연구는 티타늄과 활성탄소 원료분말을 반응밀링법에 의해 합성시, 밀링시간에 따른 Ti-TiC 복합재료의 미세조직과 기계적 성질에 미치는 TiC vol.% 및 열간압축성형온도의 영향에 관해 조사하였다. 티타늄과 활성 탄소 원료분말을 300시간 밀링 후 $5\mu\textrm{m}$이하의 미세한 구형의 Ti-TiC복합분말을 생성시킬 수 있었다. 반응밀링된 분말을 $1000^{\circ}C$이상에서 1시간동안 진공열간압축성형한 경우 이론밀도의 98%에 가까운 우수한 성형체를 얻었으며, TiC입자가 티타늄 기지 전반에 걸쳐 고르게 분산되어 Ti-TiC 복합재료의 기계적 특성을 향상시켰다. Ti-TiC복합재료의 고온안정성을 고찰하기 위해 $600^{\circ}C$등온열처리한 결과 80시간까지는 경도의 큰 변화없이 열적으로 안정하였다. Ti-20vol%TiC 복합재료를 $700^{\circ}C$에서 고온압축시험을 한 경우 330MPa의 높은 항복강도값을 나타내었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.325-333
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• 1992

난지(暖地) 세립질(細粒質) 2모작(毛作) 논에서 유기물(有機物)(볏짚, 퇴비(堆肥), 밀짚) 장기연용시(長期連用時)(14.28년(年)) 토양이화학성의 실태와 지력질소(地力窒素) 발현양상 그리고 작물(作物)(수도(水稻), 옥수수)의 질소 흡수(吸收)와의 관계에 대해서 조사분석(調査分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 유기물연용(有機物連用)에 의(依)해 작토시(作土尸)이 깊어지고 용적밀도(容積密度)의 감소(減少), 공극률(孔隙率)의 증가, 고상률(固相率)의 저하(低下), 기상률(氣相率)의 증가가 인정(認定)되었음. 2. 유기물연용(有機物連用)에 의(依)해 전탄소(全炭素)의 년간(年間) 평균증가량은 1~14년간(年間) 볏짚연용시(連用時) 0.0371%, 퇴비(堆肥)는 0.0407%였으나 15~28년(年) 볏짚연용(連用)은 0.0007%, 퇴비(堆肥)는 0.014%였다. 그리고 전질소함량(全窒素含量)은 1~14년간(年間) 볏짚연용시(連用時) 0.0025%, 퇴비(堆肥)는 0.0038%였고, 15~28년간(年間) 볏짚연용(連用)은 0.0014%, 퇴비(堆肥)는 0.0024%가 증가하였음. 3. 유기물연용(有機物連用)에 의(依)해 암모니아 아미드태질소(態窒素)는 밀짚28년연용(年連用), 아미노당태질소(糖態窒素)는 퇴비(堆肥)28년연용(年連用) 그리고 아미노산태질소(酸態窒素)는 볏짚14, 28년연용(年連用), 미동정질소(未同定窒素)는 관행(慣行)에서 높았음. 4. 담수배양(湛水培養) 온도별(溫度別) 가급태질소(可給態窒素) 발현량은 $30^{\circ}C>25^{\circ}C$=포장매설온도(圃場埋設溫度)의 경향(傾向)을 보였으나 시약추출법(試藥抽出法)보다 발현양이 적었음. 5. 작물(作物)(수도(水稻), 옥수수)의 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量)은 담수배양법(湛水培養法)과 시약추출법중(試藥抽出法中)에서 M/15인산완충액(燐酸緩衝液)(pH7.0)으로 추출(抽出)한 가급태질소량(可給態窒素量)과의 상관관계가 높았음. 6. 백미(白米)의 수량(收量)은 관행(慣行)에 비(比)하여 볏짚28년연용(年連用)에서 17%, 퇴비(堆肥)28년연용(年連用)12%, 볏짚14년연용(連用) 11%, 밀짚28년연용(年連用) 7%가 증가되었음.