• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.570-580
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit. D) levels on metabolism of various minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The comparison was made on the rats that were placed on diet containing powdered skim milk with different Ca and vit. D levels for 5 weeks. A total of 42 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Control group consisted of normal Ca and normal vit. D (0.5% Ca, 1,000 IU vit. D); Experimental groups were divided into low (0.25%) and high (1.0%) calcium levels; and vit. D group was divided into low (10 IU), normal (1,000 IU), and high (5,000 IU) subgroups. The weight gain and food efficiency ratios of the rats were not significantly different with increasing dietary Ca levels. The absorption rates of 7 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr) were significantly decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. Also, fecal excretion of P significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.05), and urine excretion of Fe was significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.001). The result indicated that higher Ca intake affected on bioavailability of other minerals, due to interactions among minerals in the process of intestinal absorption. However, vitamin D intake had no effect on bioavailability of several minerals. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate Ca intake is important for balance of the minerals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.482-486
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• 2007

Basic objective of this research was to compare the milk yield and composition of New Zealand White transgenic rabbit females expressing recombinant human factor VIII (hFVIII) in mammary gland during lactation with that of non-transgenic rabbit females of the same age during 30 days of lactation. Transgenic founders were generated by the microinjection of foreign DNA (mWAP-hFVIII gene construct) into the egg. F1, F2 and F3 generations of transgenic rabbits were obtained after mating of transgenic founder rabbits with non-transgenic rabbits. The amount of milk rejected was measured by weight-suckle-weight method at $10^{th}$, $20^{th}$and $30^{th}$ day of lactation. Quality of milk (content of fat, protein, lactose, dry ash, and some minerals) from transgenic and non-transgenic rabbit was also determined. Comparison of milk yield, determined by weight-suckle-weight method, showed significantly higher (p<0.05) milk production at day 20 of first lactation in non-transgenic females, but on the same day of second lactation higher milk yield was measured in transgenic ones. Significantly higher (p<0.05) content of milk fat and protein was determined in transgenic milk whilst higher content of lactose was found in non-transgenic milk. The content of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium) did not differ in both experimental and control groups. Our results showed that milk yield and composition of transgenic rabbit females (mammary specific transgenic over-expression of hFVIII) over several generations is only slightly and transiently different from milk yield of non-transgenic females, which had no significant consequence on the litter size and viability.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권12호
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• pp.42.1-42.8
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• 2016

Background: Deficiency of macro and micro-minerals in the ration of dairy cows adversely affects growth, milk production and reproduction efficiency. It is essential to examine mineral concentrations in feeds offered to dairy cows in practical farms. Methods: Two villages from each taluka were selected at random for taking representative samples of feeds, forages and hair. Within the village, help was sought from village milk producers and district animal husbandry officer for identification of 4 to 5 farmers and collection of representative samples. All the samples were processed and analyzed for chemical composition as well as major macro and micro-minerals, using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer. Results: Ca content in wheat straw (0.29%), crushed maize (0.02%) and wheat bran (0.12%) was found to be below the critical level (0.30%). The P content in concentrate ingredients was high (0.26-0.96%), but low in dry roughages (0.06-0.12%). Cereal straws (0.14%) and grains (0.12%) were deficient in Mg. Feeds and forages were found to be adequate in K (1.50%). Cereals straws were found to be deficient in S (0.11%). Greens were good source of Cu (12.02 ppm). Wheat straw was found to be low in Zn (18 ppm), but high in Mn (225 ppm) and Fe (509 ppm). Local grasses and azolla green were found to be rich source of Co (>1.00 ppm). Se (0.63 ppm) was present in appreciable quantities in most of the feedstuffs. Conclusions: From the present study, it was apparent that the feeds and forages available in the state of Jharkhand may not meet the requirements for Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co in order to sustain a milk production of ~10 kg/day. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement these deficient minerals through area specific mineral mixture in the ration of dairy cows for improving productivity and reproduction efficiency.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.772-782
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• 1993

한국인 수유부 29명에 대하여 분만 후 1주부터 12주까지 5회에 걸쳐서 조사한 식이 섭취량과 같은 기간에 이들로부터 채유한 모든 시료에서 무기질과 미량원소의 함량을 측정하였다. 또한 얻어진 자료량과의 관계 및 모유내 각 무기질 농도 사이의 상관성을 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구 대상인 수유부들의 영양섭취 정도는 개인에 따른 차이가 컸으며 하루 평균 영양소 섭취량은 모든 한국 수유부에 대한 영양 권장량에 미달되었다. 성숙유에서 분석된 무기질과 미량원소의 농도분포도 넓었으며 칼슘과 마그네슘의 농도가 다른 연구 결과보다 다소 높은 경향이었고, 망간의 몰리브덴을 제외한 다른 미량원소의 함량은 여러나라에서 보고한 농도 범위에 포함되었다. 수유뷰의 열량 섭취량은 모유의 나트륨 농도와 음의 상관성이 있었으며 단백실 섭취량과 유즙의 아연 및 구리 함량은 양의 상관성을 나타내었고 몰르브덴 농도와는 음의 상관 관계가 있었다. 칼슘 섭취량은 모유의 마그네슘 농도에 영향을 주었으며 인의 섭취는 유즙내 니켈 함량에 영향을 주었다. 비타민 C섭취량은 모유의 철분 함량에 영향을 주지 않았으며 구리와는 음의 상관성이 나타났다. 모유의 5가지 무기질과, 6가지 미량원소에 대한 각각의 농도 사이에서 아래와 같이 17쌍은 p<0.05 수준에서 유의성있는 양의 상관성 보여주었다. 즉, 나트륨 농도와는 칼륨과 철분 ; 칼륨 농도와는 칼슘, 인, 마그네슘, 철분, 구리, 망간, ; 칼슘 농도와는 마그네슘, 철분, 망간, 몰리브덴, 니켈; 마그네슘 농도와는 철분, 몰리브덴 ; 철분 농도와는 아연; 끝으로 니켈 농도와 망간 사이에 상관성이 나타났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.477-485
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• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56$\pm$0.51mg/dl, 11.12$\pm$0.72mg/dl and 1.62$\pm$0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42$\pm$1.62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 76.29$\pm$3. 62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 86.44$\pm$2.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84$\pm$9.22mg/dl, 133.45$\pm$6.30mg/dl, 32.79$\pm$1.77mg/dl and 81.29$\pm$4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98$\pm$2.42$\%$, 25.82$\pm$0.98$\%$ and 37.30$\pm$1.09$\%$ respectively and the mean$w6/w3$fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status. (Korean J Community 2(4) : 477-485, 1997)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.656-663
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 정상 만기 산모(30명), 조산모(10명) 및 PIH산모가(8명)출산 초기에 분비한 초유시료에서 5종의 다량 무기질(나트륨 칼륨 칼슘, 인, 마그네슘)과 3종의 미 량원소(철분. 아연. 구리)의 농도를 분석하여 재태기간이나 모체의 합병증에 따른 모유의 무기질 함량을 비교하였고 또한 임신기 무기질 섭취 량과 초유의 무기질 함량과의 상관성을 조사하였다 정상 만기 산모의 임신기 영양소 섭취량은 단백질과 인을 제외하고는 권장량에 미치지 못했으며 칼슘, 철분과 아연의 섭취량은 권장량에 크게 미달되었다. 세 그룹 산모들의 임신기 1일 평균 영양소 섭취량을 비교했을 때, 조산모 그룹에서 칼슘을 제외한 모든 영양소의 섭취량이 가장 저조하였으며 이들의 인과 나트륨 섭취량은 정상 만기 산모의 섭취량 보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p < 0.05). PIH 산모의 영양소 섭취량은 정상 만기 산모그룹과 유사하였지만 이들의 임신기 칼슘 섭취량은 1일 평균 500.9mg으로 세 그룹 중 가장 적었다 세 그룹 산모들의 초유내 무기질 함량을 비교한 결과, 조산모 유즙의 칼륨과 인의 농도는 정상만기 산모의 유즙내 농도 보다 유의적으로 낮았으며(p < 0.05) , 반면 조산모와 PIH산모의 유즙내 철분 함량은 정상 만기 산모의 유즙에 서 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p <0.05). 그 외 그룹간 무기질 및 미량원소의 초유내 함량의 유의적 차이는 없었다. 한편 임신기 모체의 무기질 섭취량과 분만 초기에 분비되는 초유의 무기질 함량과의 상관성 분석에서 정상 만기 산모와 조산모 그룹간의 유의성 있는 상관관계가 관찰되지 않았으나 PIH 산모에서는 칼슘 섭취량과 초유의 칼슘 농도 사이에 유의적인 양의 상관성이 나타났다(p <0.05). 이와 같은 결과로부터 조산모 초유의 일부 무기질 함량이 정상 만기 산모 초유에서 보다 낮은 경향이므로 체내 무기질 저장량이 적고 성장속도가 빠른 조산아의 특성을 고려할 때, 조산모 초유의 무기질 영양은 다소 미흡하다고 사료되나 향후 PT의 성숙유에 대한무기질 함량과 조산아의 섭취량 및 성장패턴을 고려한 무기질 영양평가가 요구된다. 한편 PIH산모의 칼슘섭취 부족이나 또는 이들이 분비한 유즙의 높은 철분 함량과 관련하여 PIH산모에 대한 체계적인 무기질 대사 연구가 병행되어야 할 것이다

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2012

Mastitis is a highly morbid disease that requires detection at the subclinical stage. Tropical countries like India mainly depend on milch buffaloes for milk. The present study was conducted to investigate whether the trace minerals viz. copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) and enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in riverine buffalo milk can be used as an indicator of subclinical mastitis (SCM) with the aim of developing suitable diagnostic kit for SCM. Trace elements and enzyme activity in milk were estimated with Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer, GBC 932 plus and biochemical methods, respectively. Somatic cell count (SCC) was done microscopically. The cultural examination revealed Gram positive bacteria as the most prevalent etiological agent. A statistically significant (p<0.01) increase in SCC, Fe, Zn, Co and LDH occurred in SCM milk containing gram positive bacterial agents only. ALP was found to be elevated in milk infected by both gram positive and negative bacteria. The percent sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, predictive values and likelihood ratios were calculated taking bacterial culture examination and $SCC\geq2{\times}10^5$ cells/ml of milk as the benchmark. Only ALP and Zn, the former being superior, were found to be suitable for diagnosis of SCM irrespective of etiological agents. LDH, Co and Fe can be introduced in the screening programs where Gram positive bacteria are omnipresent. It is recommended that both ALP and Zn be measured together in milk to diagnose buffalo SCM, irrespective of etiology.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 1992

Concentrations of major minerals(Ca, p, Na, K, Mg) and trace elements (Fe, Zn) were measured in human milk samples collected from 19 selected, healthy lactating women at 2~5 days, and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum. Decreases in the contents of m) or minerals and trace elements were found with the increase of time postpartum. Mean Ca contents of 2~5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 243.02$\pm$50.90ug/ml, 295.0$\pm$65.70ug/ml, 295.0$\pm$41.50ug/ml, 349.90$\pm$83.50ug/ml, respectively And mean P contents of 2~5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 134.70$\pm$49.4ug/ml, 134.90$\pm$19.70ug/ml, 117.60$\pm$18.90ug/ml, 130.60$\pm$28.20ug/ml, respectively. Ca/P of them were 1.81, 2.19, 2.20, 2.68, respectively. Mean Mg contents of them were 22.30$\pm$5.60ug/ml, 25.70$\pm$3.70ug/ml, 25.10$\pm$3.60ug/ml, 32.10$\pm$4.50ug/ml, respectively. And mean Na contents of them were 171.20$\pm$90.50ug/ml, 158.70$\pm$47.00ug/ml, 104.50$\pm$24.70ug/ml, 115.90$\pm$12.50ug/ml, respectively. Mean K contents of them were 506.10$\pm$156.10ug/ml, 520.90$\pm$55.00ug/ml, 370.10$\pm$29.00ug/ml, 468.40$\pm$75.70ug/ml, respectively. Na/K of them were 0.34, 0.30, 0.28, 0.25, respectively. Mean Fe contents of them were 2.80$\pm$1.80ug/ml, 2.70$\pm$0.40ug/ml, 2.60$\pm$0.40ug/ml, 2.10$\pm$0.10ug/ml, respectively. And mean Zn contents of them were 3.70$\pm$1.60ug/ml, 2.78$\pm$9.70ug/ml, 2.70$\pm$0.70ug/ml, 2.30$\pm$0.20ug/ml, respectively, These determinations will provide the basic information on the variability of major minerals and trace elements as lactation proceeds and on the composition of components between term and preterm milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 1992

한국인 수유부 21명의 모유에 함유된 무기질(Na, K, Ca, P, Mg)과 일부 미량원소(Mn, Mo, Ni)의 함량을 경시적으로 초유부터 12주의 성숙유에 이르기 까지 일정한 간격으로 세분하여 비교 분석하였다. 모유에 함유된 5종의 무기질과 8종의 미량원소들의 함량은 수유기간에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였다. 모유의 평균 나트륨 함량은 초유에서 293.01$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 이행유에서는 $251.24$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell$ 그리고 성숙유에서 $199.17$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell이었으며$ 칼륨농도는 각각 $436.18$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell,458.90,$ $390.10$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell이었다.$ 초유, 이행유 및 성숙유의 평균 칼슘 농도는 각각 $378.88$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell,$ $379.41$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell$ 그리고 $338.58$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell로$ 측정되었고 모유의 Ca/P의 비는 각각 3.39, 2.81과 2.45이었다. 또한 마그네슘 함량은 초유와 이행유에서 각각 $37~38$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell이었고$ 성숙유에서 $33.37$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell로$ 분석되었다. 모유의 평균 망간 함량은 초유와 이행유에서 각각 $0.024$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell,$ 성숙유에서 $0.014$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell,$ 믈리브덴의 평균 농도는 각각 $0.035$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell,$ $0.044$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell$ 그리고 $0.044$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell이었고$ 니켈 함량은 초유에서 $0.062$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell이행유에서$ $0.022$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell,$ 성숙유에서 $0.017$\mu\textrm{g}$/m\ell이었다.$ 수유기간에 따른 모유내 무기질과 미량원소 함량의 감소가 영아의 성장발달과 어떻해 관련 되는가에 관한 연구와 함께 유선조직에서 유즙으로의 무기질과 미량원소의 분비기전에 관한 생리학적 연구가 병행되어야 하겠으며, 본 연구결과가 앞으로 우수한 조제분유나 기타 영아식 개발에 활용되고, preterm milk의 무기질 성분을 비교하는데 이용될 수 있기를 희망한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.382-383
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• 2001

The experiment was undertaken to study the effect of subclinical mastitis on the biochemical parameters of milk in crossbred (Sahiwal $\times$ Jersey) cows. Subclincial mastitis was judged using California Mastitis Test and graded on a scale of 0 to 2. Twenty six milk samples of each grade were subjected to somatic cell count. Separated milk whey was analysed for total protein, immunoglobulin and trace mineral content. Results indicate linear increases in somatic cell count, total protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in milk with increase in grade of subclinical mastitis. However, copper, zinc, manganese and iron concentration in milk was not affected by grade of mastitis.