• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.533-555
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• 1995

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have been used to enhance milk production in lactating cattle and to increase feed efficiency and body weight gain in growing ruminants. Primary microorganisms that have been used as DFM for ruminants are fungal cultures including Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus or Streptococcus. Attempts have been made to determine the basic mechanisms describing beneficial effects of DFM supplements. Various modes of action for DFM have been suggested including : stimulation of ruminal microbial growth, stabilization of ruminal pH, changes in ruminal microbial fermentation pattern, increases in digestibility of nutrients ingested, greater nutrient flow to the small intestine, greater nutrient retention and alleviation of stress, however, these responses have not been observed consistently. Variations in microbial supplements, dosage level, production level and age of the animal, diet and environmental condition or various combinations of the above may partially explain the inconsistencies in response. This review summarizes production responses that have been observed under various conditions with supplemental DFM and also corresponding modification of ruminal fermentation and other changes in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminant animals.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.66-75
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• 1993

Dental abrasive, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) was prepared and the several important factors affecting on the quality of toothpaste were investigated by means of set test, glycerine absorption, Coulter counter test, color difference, BET adsorption, mercury porosimetery, and rheogram comparing with two foreign DCPDs, MFO4 and Dentphos K. Sample DCPD was prepared by reaction between 85% H$_{3}$PO$_{4}$ and 15% milk of lime at $39^{\circ}C$ (pH6.5), and stabilized with TSPP and TMP. The physicochemical properties of Sample DCPD were obtained as follows: whiteness (98.99), average particle size (15.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$), pH (7.9), remainder particle weight (0.49w/w%), glycerine absorption value (64 ml), and set test (passed). N$_{2}$ adsorption curves (BET) of three kinds of DCPD showed non-porous type III isotherm. BET adsorption parameters of sample DCPD showed that surface area was 24.9 m$^{2}$/g, total pore volume 0.09 cm$^{3}$/g and average pore radius 72.0 $\AA$. The rheogram of the toothpaste containing each DCPD showed bulged plastic flow with yield vlaue and thixotropic behavior. These results meet standard requirements as abrasive standard, and suggested that synthesized sample DCPD could be used a dental abrasive such as a high quality grade in practice as foreign DCPDs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1445-1452
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• 2002

The present experiment was carried out to study the utilization of substrates in the mammary gland of crossbred Holstein Friesian during feeding on different types of roughage. Sixteen pregnant crossbred Holstein heifers consisted of two breed types of eight animals each; Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi (50:50=50%HF) and Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi (87.5:12.5=87.5%HF). Animals were divided into four groups of the same breed type in each group which were fed with either rice straw treated with 5% urea or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. Four consecutive experimental periods were carried out in late pregnancy (20-23 days before parturition), early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid-lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum). Measurement of mammary blood flow in combining with measurement of AV difference was performed for the mammary uptake of substrates. In the period of lactation, udder blood flow was nearly three times higher than that of late pregnant period (p<0.05) in both 50%HF and 87.5%HF feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw. During mid- and late lactation of both groups of 87.5%HF animals, mammary blood flow and milk yield showed decrease when compared to those during the early lactating period while the trends for persistency were apparent in both groups of 50%HF animals throughout experimental periods. The mean arterial plasma concentrations of glucose, acetate, $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate and free glycerol in each group remained constant throughout experimental periods. During late pregnancy in all groups, the AV difference and extraction ratio of glucose, $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate and triacylglycerol across the mammary gland markedly lowered (p<0.05), which coincided with a lower net uptake by the mammary gland in comparison to the early lactating period. The mean arterial plasma concentration, AV difference and extraction ratio for acetate showed no significant differences between late pregnancy and the early lactating period. The AV difference of free glycerol showed apparent release from mammary tissue during late pregnancy in all groups. In mid- and late lactation, the mammary uptake for glucose, acetate and $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate in both groups of 87.5%HF animals showed apparent decrease as compared to that in the early lactating period, whereas no appearances were observed in 50%HF animals feeding either hay or urea treated rice straw. The mean arterial plasma concentrations for free fatty acid (FFA) and triacylglycerol (C16 to C18) were higher in late pregnancy than in early lactation in both types of crossbred animals. The values of AV difference and the net uptake by the mammary gland for FFA were variable during late pregnancy and lactating periods in all groups. There were no significant differences for AV difference, extraction ratio and net uptake of triacylglycerol during lactation advance in both groups of 50%HF and 87.5%HF animals feeding either hay or urea treated rice straw. These results suggest that the adaptations to either hay or urea treated rice straw by the mammary gland of crossbred HF animals allow for an adequate nutrient supply during pregnancy and lactation. There is no difference in the mode of mammary uptake of substrates in the same crossbred animals in response to feeding hay or urea treated rice straw. The differences in utilizing nutrients by the mammary gland for milk production between 87.5%HF and 50%HF animals would be dependent on changes in both intra-mammary factors and extra-mammary factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2010

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of polyurethane coated urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation, ammonia release dynamics and lactating performance of Holstein dairy cows fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet. In Exp. 1, a dual-flow continuous culture was run to investigate the effect of polyurethane coated urea on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial efficiency. Three treatment diets with isonitrogenous contents (13.0% CP) were prepared: i) feedgrade urea (FGU) diet; ii) polyurethane coated urea (PCU) diet; and iii) isolated soy protein (ISP) diet. Each of the diets consisted of 40% steam-flaked corn meal, 58.5% forages and 1.5% different sources of nitrogen. PCU and FGU diets had significantly lower digestibility of NDF and ADF (p<0.01) than the ISP diet. Nitrogen source had no significant effect (p = 0.62) on CP digestibility. The microbial efficiency (expressed as grams of microbial N/kg organic matter truly digested (OMTD)) in vitro of the PCU diet (13.0 g N/kg OMTD) was significantly higher than the FGU diet (11.3 g N/kg OMTD), but comparable with the ISP diet (14.7 g N/kg OMTD). Exp. 2, an in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment, was conducted to determine the ammonia release dynamics during an 8 h ruminal fermentation. Three treatment diets were based on steam-flaked corn diets commonly fed to lactating cows in China, in which FGU, PCU or soybean meal (SBM) was added to provide 10% of total dietary N. In vitro $NH_3-N$ concentrations were lower (p<0.05) for the PCU diet than the FGU diet, but similar to that for the SBM diet at all time points. In Exp. 3, a lactation trial was performed using 24 lactating Holstein cows to compare the lactating performance and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations when cows were fed PCU, FGU and SBM diets. Cows consuming the PCU diet had approximately 12.8% more (p = 0.02) dietary dry matter intake than those consuming the FGU diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had higher milk protein content (3.16% vs. 2.94%) and lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration (13.0 mg/dl vs. 14.4 mg/dl) than those fed the FGU diet. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was significantly lower for cows fed the PCU (16.7 mg/dl) and SBM (16.4 mg/dl) diets than the FGU (18.7 mg/dl) diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had less surplus ruminal N than those fed the FGU diet and produced a comparable lactation performance to the SBM diet, suggesting that polyurethane coated urea can partially substitute soybean meal in the dairy cow diet without impairing lactation performance.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2017

최근 들어 국민 식생활 문화가 개선되고 생활수준이 향상됨에 따라 소프트 아이스크림, 슬러시와 같은 일회용 냉동 유제품의 소비가 급증하고 있다. 이들 냉동 유제품은 소형 냉동 시스템에서 만들어진다. 소프트 아이스크림 제조기의 경우 냉각기는 동심 원통으로 구성되며 냉매는 환형부에서 증발하고 냉각기 표면에 형성된 얼음 결정이 내측에서 회전하는 스크레이퍼에 의해 빙삭되어 아이스크림이 만들어진다. 본 연구에서는 냉각기 체적 2.8 리터인 R-404A를 사용하는 소프트 아이스크림 제조기에 대하여 최적화와 성능평가를 수행하였다. 최적화는 냉각기 스크레이퍼 회전수 및 냉매 유로 개선에 주안점을 두고 실제 아이스크림 제조기에서 요소 부위의 온도와 압력 그리고 소비동력을 측정함으로써 수행되었다. 실험 결과 최적 회전수는 124 rpm으로 나타났다. 이 회전수에서 아이스크림 제조 시간은 6분 2초이고 이 때 성적계수는 0.90이었다. 또한 물-공기를 사용한 가시화 실험을 통하여 냉매측 유로 개선을 시도하였다. 유로가 개선된 제품은 아이스크림 제조 시간을 현저히 감소시켰다. 본 연구 결과는 냉동식품 제조기를 비롯한 여타 냉동 사이클의 최적화에도 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.524-527
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• 2009

본 연구는 소의 유선 내 감염(유방염)과 체세포 면역 표지자의 상관 관계 분석을 위하여 자연적으로 감염된 젖소와 건강한 젖소의 우유를 비교한 단면조사 연구이다. 유방염에 이환된 31마리의 국내 젖소의 우유에서 세 가지의 체세포 면역 표지자(CD11b, CD4, CD8)의 발현과 체세포 수(SCC), 그리고 세균학적인 분석(배양 및 PCR검사)을 통한 감염 여부 및 병원체의 종류에 대하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 감염된 젖소의 우유는 건강한 젖소의 우유보다 체세포 내의 CD11b와 CD4발현이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, CD4/CD8비율도 높았다. 그러나, 병원체의 종류에 따른 증가된 체세포 면역 표지자와는 커다란 연관성을 보이지 않았으나, 감염된 병원체의 수와 관련해서는, 체세포 면역 표지 인자 CD11b, CD4의 발현 그리고 CD4/8 비율의 증가와 현저한 관련이 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과로 볼 때, 면역 표지자를 이용한 우유의 체세포 분석을 통하여 특발성 소 유방염의 진단 및 관리에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.355-365
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and cooling with misters and fans on renal function in relation to regulation of body fluids in different stages of lactation in crossbred Holstein cattle. Ten, 87.5% crossbred Holstein cattle were divided into two groups of 5 animals each, housing in a normal shaded barn (NS) and in a shaded barn with a mister-fans cooling system (MF). The experiment in each group was divided into 3 phases, early- (Day 75 postpartum), mid- (Day 135 postpartum), and late stage of lactation (Day 195 postpartum). The pre-treatment study was conducted on the starting day of each stage of lactation and the treatment study was performed after the end of the pre-treatment, during which the animal was injected with 500 mg of rbST (POSILAC) every 14 days for three times. During the study, ambient temperature at the hottest period daily in the MF barn was significantly lower, while relative humidity was higher than that of the NS barn. The temperature humidity index (THI) in both barns ranged from 79-85 throughout the periods of study. Cows in the MF barn showed a lower rectal temperature and respiration rate as compared with cows in the NS barn. The effect of rbST administration increased both rectal temperature and respiration rates of cows housed in either the NS or MF barn. Milk yield significantly increased in cows treated with rbST in all stages of lactation. Increases in mammary blood flow, accompanied by increases of total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), blood volume (BV) and plasma volume (PV), were observed in both groups of cows receiving rbST in all stages of lactation. No alterations of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were observed in cows receiving rbST, but decreases in urinary excretion and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride ions appeared to correlate with reduction in the rate of urine flow and osmolar clearance during rbST administration. These results suggest that the effect of rbST supplementation to cows housed either in NS or MF barns on body fluid volume expansion is attributable to changes in the rate of electrolyte excretion by the kidney. The increased availability of renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions during rbST treatment was a major factor in retaining body water through its colligative properties in exerting formation of an osmotic force mechanism.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2012

노보비오신은 동물용의약품 중 약산성 항생제이며, 우리나라의 경우 선진국에 비해 항생제의 사용이 높은 만큼 동물용의약품의 잔류 사례는 계속해서 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 식품 중 잔류동물용의약품의 안전관리를 위해 축산 식품 중 닭고기, 소고기 및 우유에서 노보비오신에 대한 HPLC-UVD를 이용한 잔류 분석법을 확립하였다. 각 시료 일정량에 메탄올을 가하고 균질화하여 대상 성분을 추출하고 액-액분배법으로 지방성분을 제거한다. 대상성분이 추출된 여액을 실리카 카트리지를 이용하여 정제한 다음 HPLC-UVD로 분석하였다. 확립된 시험법의 정량한계와 직선성은 CODEX 기준에 적합한 수준으로 각각 0.02 mg/kg과 0.999 ($r^2$)이었으며 회수율은 닭고기, 소고기 및 우유에서 각각 $88.8{\pm}5.6-100.3{\pm}4.4$, $88.8{\pm}7.2-97.0{\pm}3.2$ 및 $88.1{\pm}4.3-92.8{\pm}3.6%$이었다. 본 연구에서 확립된 노보비오신의 시험법은 동물용의약품의 안전관리를 위한 공정시험법으로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2018

Objectives : This paper studies how the people of the past deal with constipation before the introduction of modern medical knowledge. Then, the paper selected some of the methods that use food ingredients with little to no side effects, and studied them to find a basic set of data that can be applied to today's medical practices. Methods : This paper reviewed six literatures: China's Eumsunjungyo, Nonohangeon, and Shiggamboncho, and Chosun's Singnyochanyo, Donguibogam, and Jejungsinpyeon. The food cures related to constipation were studied to discover what ingredients and preparation forms were used, how they were taken, what types of prescriptions existed, and how they were applied. Results : The food cure for constipation included ingredients such as mazi, suzi, sesame, honey, yiyiren, yuliren, xingren, taoren, and rice. These ingredients are known for replenishing the body's fluid and humor and allowing the better flow of qi. Mazi porridge, suma porridge, raw sesame oil, suzhu porridge, and suxing porridge were effective in dealing with the conspitation caused by heat, and jingshen wan, yiyiren porridge, yuliren porridge, yulirenyiyiren porridge, xingren porridge, and taoren porridge were effective in taking care of conspitation caused by qi deficiency. Conclusions : With a constipation caused by heat, it is good to take mazi and spinach regularly which is helpful in cooling down the heat. For senior citizens, constipations occur due to the qi deficiency that leads to the lack of fluid and humor. In this case, suzhu porridge should be taken regularly together with milk and sesame oil in order to replenish the qi. This will tonify the amount of qi and moisten the large intestines, which will be also helpful in tonifying the body itself.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2010

To investigate the neuroprotective effects of bovine colostrums (BC), we evaluate the ability of consuming BC after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury rat model to reduce serum cytokine levels and infarct volume, and improve neurological outcome. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; one sham operation and three experimental groups. In the experimental groups, MCA occlusion (2 h) and subsequent reperfusion (O/R) were induced with regional cerebral blood flow monitoring. One hour after MCAO/R and once daily during the experiment, the experimental group received BC while the other groups received 0.9% saline or low fat milk (LFM) orally. Seven days later, serum pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) levels were assessed. Also, the infarct volume was assessed by using a computerized image analysis system. Behavioral function was also assessed using a modified neurologic severity score and corner turn test during the experiment. Rats receiving BC after focal brain I/R showed a significant reduction (-26%/-22%) in infarct volume compared to LFM/saline rats, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels were decreased significantly in rats receiving BC compared to LFM/saline rats (P < 0.05). In behavioral tests, daily BC intake showed consistent and significant improvement of neurological deficits for 7 days after MCAO/R. BC ingestion after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury may prevent brain injury by reducing serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and brain infarct volume in a rat model.