• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.178-185
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• 2018

Kefir, which originates in the Caucasian mountains, is a cultured milk beverage produced by a combination of acidic and alcoholic fermentation. Kefir products are commonly used as food vehicles to deliver health-promoting materials including kefran and lactic acid bacteria to consumers. The aim of this study was to develop a freeze-dried starter culture without yeast and assess the suitability of kefir-like dairy products for the growth of lactic acid bacteria and the acidification of milk. Pasteurized whole milk (SNF 8.5%) stored at $25^{\circ}C$ was aseptically inoculated with starter cultures (0.002% w/v); it was kept at $25^{\circ}C$ until the pH attained a value of 4.6. Ten grams of the kefir-like product sample was diluted with 90 mL of 0.15% peptone water diluent in a milk dilution bottle, followed by uniform mixing for 1 min. Viable cells of Lactobacillus species were enumerated on modified-MRS agar (pH 5.2), with incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Viable cells of Lactococcus species were enumerated on M17-lactose agar, with incubation at $32^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. The pH attained a value of 4.6 after fermentation for 9 h 30 min (Starter 1), 9 h 45 min (Starter 2), and 12 h (Starter 3). The viable cell count of Lactobacillus sp. and Lactococcus sp. was initially $10^5{\sim}10^6CFU/g$; it increased significantly to $10^9CFU/g$ after 12 h of incubation. During the storage of the kefir-like products at $4^{\circ}C$ for 1 4 days, the total viable cell numbers were unchanged, but the pH decreased slightly. The consistency of the kefir products increased gradually during the storage. The organoleptic properties of the kefir products fermented using the new starter culture are more desirable than those of commercial kefir. These results suggest that the newly developed starter culture without yeast could be suitable for kefir fermentation.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.126-130
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• 2013

원유시료에서 분리한 장알균속 세균 245균주의 항생제 내성에 관여하는 다중약물 유출 펌프 유전자 분포도와 항생제 내성 패턴을 연구하였다. 그 결과 245 장알균속 균주의 ampicillin에 대한 내성률은 44.1%, erythromycin에 대한 내성률은 79.2%, tetracycline에 대한 내성률은 76.3%, chloramphenicol에 대한 내성률은 36.3%였으며 vancomycin과 ciprofloxacin에 대해서는 모두 감수성임을 알 수 있었다. 내성 관련 유전자 중 MFS타입의 eme(A)는 82.1%의 장알균에 분포하였으며, ABC 타입의 유전자인 efr(A)는 72.7%, efr(B)는 77.1%, lsa는 71.8%의 장알균에 분포하였다. 특히 이러한 유전자의 기원 세균인 Enterococcus faecalis의 경우 eme(A)는 92.5%, efr(A)는 87.4%, efr(B)는 88.4%, lsa는 88.4%의 분포도를 나타내었다. 한편 동일한 장알균속이지만 종이 다른 장알균에서 eme(A)는 E. faecium 4균주, E. avium 7균주, E. durans 4균주 및 E. raffinosus 2균주에 분포하고 있었다. efr(A)는 E. faecium 2균주와 E. durans 2균주에 분포하였으며, efr(B)는 E. faecium 4균주, E. avium 5균주 및 E. durans 4균주에 분포하였다. 본 연구는 우리나라 원유시료에서 분리한 장알균속의 여러 종의 세균에서 동일한 다중약물 유출 펌프(multidrug efflux pump)의 분포에 대한 첫 번째 보고라 사료되며 E. faecalis 이외의 장알균속에서 이러한 유전자의 분포는 서로 다른 종간의 유전자의 수평적인 이동의 가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 1991

수도포장과 휴반에서 발생하는 노린재종의 분포와 반점미 발생 관계를 조사한 결과를 휴반에서 총 21종의 노린재가 채집, 분류되었으며, 그중 우점종은 가시점둥글노린재, 긴날개쐐기노린제였고, 수도포장에서는 11종이 동정되었으며 우점종은 긴날개쐐기노린재, 설상무늬장님 노린재, 가시점동글노린재이었다. 노린재 종별 반점미 발생율은 가시점둥글노린재가 가장 심하여 34.7%였고 그 다음은 붉은잡초노린재로 2.7%였다. 노린재가 주로 벼의 유숙기를 중심으로 출수기에서 황숙기에 피해를 주었을 때 반점미 발생이 많았고, 품종별로는 극조생 또는 조생종 품봉인 태백벼, 소백벼, 삼강벼 등에서 심하였다. 지역별 반점미 발생은 조생종 품종이 재배되는 포천등 내장산간지에서 많았다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2000

Triticale을 사료로서의 특성을 알기 위하여 밀(북견 66호, 월한1호, 치오쿠코무기), 호밀(Amilo, W Warko, Mardar), triticale(Moniko, Presto, Tewo)을 출수기, 유숙기, 호숙기, 황숙기에 수확하여, 건물 수량, 사료성분 및 IVDMD을 조사했다. 1. 재료의 건물수량은 어느 초종도 생육에 따라 증가했고, triticale은 다른 2종의 초종보다 수량성이 우수했다. 2. triticale의 사료성분은 대부분 멸과 호밀의 중간에 위치했다. 3. triticale과 호멸의 IVDMD는 출수기부터 호숙기까지 저하하고, 성숙기에 향상한 것에 반해 밀은 생육에 따라 저하했다. triticale의 IVDMD는 출수기와 성숙기에서 가장 높았고, 유숙기와 호숙기에서는 밀이 높았고, 호밀은 출수기를 제외한 모든 시기에서 최저였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.511-521
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• 2001

Microorganisms were isolated and identified from bovine 296 quarters which showed positive reaction by California Mastitis Test (CMT) in 40 farms of Jeju from September 1999 to June 2000. The organisms associated with the mastitis of bovine were 11 different bacterial species in this study. Which of them, Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant species as 152 (51.4%) isolates. Other identified species included 49 (16.5%) coliform, 47 (15.8%) Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 15 (5.1%) Bacillus spp., 8 (2.7%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, 6 (2.1%) Streptococcus agalactiae, 5 (1.7%) Enterococcus faecalis, 5 (1.7%) Corynebacterium spp., 3 (1.0%) Streptococcus uberis, 1 (0.3%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 (0.3%) Pasteurella haemolytica. Almost of all the islolated beacterial species showed high sensitivity against kanamycin (98.6%), cephalothin (98.0%), streptomycin (94.9%), gentamicin (94.6%), ampicillin (92.2%) and polymyxin B (90.2%). On the contrary, they showed resistance against penicillin (47.0%), tetracycline (37.2%), cefazolin (26.0%), bacitracin (22.6%) and erythromycin (19.9%). Eighty-one isolates were not resistant to any antibiotics and 215 drug resistant isolates showed 89 different drug resistance patterns from single to nine multiple antibiotics resistance patterns.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Current Trends in Toxicological Sciences
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• pp.130-130
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• 2002

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental contaminants that elicit a broad spectrum of toxic effects in mammals and other vertebrate species. Because of their lipophilicity, chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation, PCBs tend to accumulate in the human body via food chain and environmental matrices including human adipose tissues, blood and milk.(omitted)

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.2.1-2.10
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• 2016

Background: Heat stress adversely affects the physiological and metabolic status, and the productive performance of buffalo. Methods: The present study was conducted to explicate the effect of misting and wallowing cooling strategies during heat stress in lactating Murrah buffalo. The study was conducted for three months (May-July) of which first two months were hot dry and last month was hot humid. Eighteen lactating buffaloes, offered the same basal diet, were blocked by days in milk, milk yield and parity, and then randomly allocated to three treatments: negative control (no cooling), cooling by misting, and cooling by wallowing. Results: The results showed higher (P < 0.05) milk yield in buffaloes of misting and wallowing group compared to control during the experimental period however wallowing was found more (P < 0.05) effective during July (hot humid period). Both the treatments resulted into significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) compared to control animals during study period whereas wallowing was found to be effective on pulse rate (PR) only during July. Both treatments were resulted in mitigating the heat stress mediated decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), lymphocytopnoea and neutrophilia whereas decrease in total erythrocyte count (TEC) and monocytes was only mitigated by wallowing. Heat load induced alteration in serum creatinine and sodium concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated by misting and wallowing whereas aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase activity, and reactive oxygen species concentration could be normalized neither by misting nor by wallowing. The significant (P < 0.05) increment in serum cortisol and prolactin levels observed in June and July period in control animals was significantly (P < 0.05) prevented by misting and wallowing. Conclusions: It can be concluded that misting and wallowing were equally effective in May and June (hot dry period) whereas wallowing was more effective during hot humid period in preventing a decline in milk production and maintaining physiological, metabolic, endocrine and redox homeostasis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 1994

There are several gene transfer methods available to introduce foreign DNA into animal. The most common method at present is microinjection. However, the overall efficiency of producing practical application of gene transfer technology to livestock species is production of pharmaceuticals. Rare human proteins, which cannot be produced into milk of transgenic animals. Large amount of biologically active protein may be obtained from transgenic farm animals using this system. Growth-related application to livestock species using growth hormone genes or factor genes have been disappointing. There were many undesirable side effects noted in the transgenic animals. More sophisticated on or off transgene expression are needed to control expression of transgenes in the transgenic animals. Turning positive effects while circumventing potentially harmful effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.419-425
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• 1995

Twenty growing female Damascus (Shami) goats and twenty growing Chios ewes of two mating ages (10 and 12 months) were used to study the effect of mating age (MA) on reproductive performance (RP). In addition to (RP), The growth, milk production and nutrient requirements were also evaluated. A complete random design in a $2{\times}2$ factorial was used, with (MA) and species as the main factors. (MA) had no effects on (RP), milk production and mortality. No significant difference (p > 0.05) were observed between (MA) or between species, for age at kidding/lambing (K/L). Sheep reached puberty earlier than goats. Average age (months) at conception and at (K/L) was 15.8; 20.8 and l7.0; 22.0 for sheep and goats respectively. Body weight (BW), rather than age was the most important factor determining puberty. Both goats and ewes conceived when they reached about 67% of their mature (BW) for goats and 85% for ewes. Sheep grew faster than goats, but the latter had higher twinning (67.8% versus 25%). Chios sheep were suitable for meat and Shami goats for dairying or dual purpose systems. Nutrient requirements for growth of goats and ewes were similar with an average DM-intake of about 4% (BW); 12-13% CP and 65-69% TDN (DM-basis) of the total ration. It is recommended to breed Chios ewes at a (BW) of at least 50 kg and Shami does at 38 kg, irrespective of their age.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1446-1449
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• 2010

A total of 1,444 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates from bovine mastitic milk samples collected during 2003-2008 in Korea were identified to the species level. Of 14 species identified, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, and S. sciuri accounted for over 60% of the isolates. All the CNS isolates were tested for susceptibility to eight antimicrobials commonly used in dairy cattle. With a few exceptions, similar resistance patterns were observed among the CNS species: penicillin and ampicillin showed the lowest activity, whereas amikacin, cephalothin, and gentamicin were highly effective. About 39% (557/1,444) of the CNS isolates were pan-susceptible, whereas 12% (175/1,444) showed resistance to four or more antimicrobials tested.