• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.190-197
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• 1986

탈지분유(脫脂粉乳)에서 마이야르 반응(反應)(Maillard reaction)의 속도(速度)를 간단히, 그리고 효과적으로 측정(測定)하기 위(爲)한 지표(指標)로서 포장상위공간내(包裝上位空間內)의 $CO_2$함량(含量)을 이용(利用)하였고,$CO_2$량(量 )과 갈변색소형성(褐變色素形成) 사이의 상관관계(相關關係)를 조사(調査)하였다. 갈변색소(褐變色素)와 $CO_2$함량(含量)사이에는 높은 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타냈으며, 시료(試料)의 상위공간내(上位空間內)의 $CO_2$량(量)을 측정(測定)함으로 마이야르 반응(反應)을 예측(豫測)할 수 있는 빠르고 간단한 방법(方法)이 될 수 있었다. 휘발성분(揮發成分)은 저장기간(貯藏期間)이 증가(增加)할수록 증가(增加)하였고, 산소함량(酸素含量)과는 반비례(反比例)하였다. 리신(lysine)은 반응(反應)의 촉매(觸媒)로 글루코스보다 더 효과적이었으며, 시료(試料)를 $55^{\circ}C$와 $65^{\circ}C$에 넣어 저장(貯藏)할 때 반응(反應)을 촉진(促進)시켜 시험기간(試驗期間)을 단축(短縮)시켰으며 $75^{\circ}C$에서는 빨리 변질(變質)되었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and daily intake of nutrients in college students. This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionaire. The average heights and weights were 173.5 cm and 72.3 kg of male students and 161.8 cm and 57.2 kg of female students. The average of BMI was $24.2kg/m^2$ of male and $21.9kg/m^2$ of female, and the value of male students was higher than the value of female students. The response to the daily meals was 54.6% for '$2{\sim}3$ times/week'. The regularity of mealtime was 41.7% for irregular and the frequency eating after nine was 45.7% for '5-6 times/week', respectively. The repast was 72.2% for 'overeating and little eating' and was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.05). The eating rate was higher '$10{\sim}20min$'. As for breakfast food eaten, skipping breakfast was 23.6% for 'no/week' and female students were higher than male students (p<0.05). The frequency of snacks was 36.0% for 'nothing' of males students and 34.8% for '3-4 times/week' of female students (p<0.05). The type of snack was a significant difference of males and females students (p<0.01), and was the highest 75.0% for carbonated drinks of males and 37.5% for snacks of females. The eating due to stress solution was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.01), and was the highest 23.0% for 'frequency' of males and 44.7% for 'sometime' of females. As for food intake of male and female students, the meat intake was 66.7% for 'everything of male and female students. The fish intake was 68.1 % for '1-2times/week'. The milk, milk products, eggs and beans were each 40.3%, 58.3%, 56.9%, 47.2% for '1-2 times/week' (p<0.05). The fat intake was 55.6% for '$1{\sim}2$ times/week'. The average consumption of energy was 58% of male and 67% of female of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 57 : 15 : 28 of all subjects. The mean intakes of vitamin C and folic acid were 70% and 51% of males and 62% and 52% of females of recommended intake (RI). The mean intakes of Ca, P, Fe and Na were 71%, 140%, 146% of males and 72%, 122%, 76% of female of RI and 273% of males and 233% of females of adequate intake (AI). Therefore, nutritional education is necessary for college students to establish physicall and mentall optimal health conditions though nutritional intervention.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.484-494
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary intake according to the risk of coronary heart disease (less than 10% = low-risk group; 10~20% = middle-risk group) based on Framingham risk score (FRS), on 122 male adult subjects. The body weight and body mass index were not significantly different between the groups, while height of the low-risk group was shown to be significantly high compared to that of the middle-risk group. The daily energy intake was shown to be significantly high in the low-risk group with 1,910.88 kcal, compared to 1,606.63 kcal of the middle-risk group. As a result of analyzing nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal of energy, while the low-risk group had significantly high intake of animal protein, fat, and animal fat compared to the middle-risk group, the intake of plant protein, carbohydrate, and plant iron was found to be significantly low. The daily food intake was shown to be significantly high in the low-risk group (1,445.16 g), compared to the middle-risk group (1,075.12 g). The low-risk group was found to have significantly high intake of sugars, eggs, and beverages compared to the middle-risk group, while mushrooms intake was significantly high in the middle-risk group. Dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly high in the low-risk group with 26.42, compared to 22.66 of the middle-risk group. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was indicated to be significantly high in the low-risk group with 3.70, compared to 3.27 of the middle-risk group. The low-risk group was indicated to have significantly high score in DDS of dairy products and fruit group, compared to the middle-risk group. In the correlation between diversity index of food intake (DVS and DDS) and FRS, DDS was shown to have significantly negatively correlation with FRS after adjusting for confounding factors. To sum up these results, the adult males with low-risk of coronary heart disease had more various consumptions of fruits and milk, compared to the subjects with the middle-risk. The proportion of consuming major food groups such as cereals, meat group, milk, fruits, and vegetables more than a fixed quantity was indicated to be high. Accordingly, dietary habit for intake of various food seems to be necessary, to prevent coronary heart disease.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.513-524
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• 2010

This study was designed to examine nutrition label use, self-efficacy, snacking and eating behaviors of middle school students, and to investigate if these characteristics were different by nutrition label use. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to 348 middle school students in Kyunggi, Korea. About a third of subjects read nutrition labels when they purchased snacks/packaged foods. Most nutrition label users were interested in reading information on calories, fat and trans-fat. Self-efficacy of eating/selecting snacks or general nutrition behavior was moderate (mean score: 44.4 out of 60), with significantly higher score in nutrition label users compared to nonusers (p < 0.001). Nutrition label users felt more confident in 9 items out of 15 items of self-efficacy, such as "taking fruits instead of cookies/candy for snack" (p < 0.001), "choosing milk instead of soft drink" (p < 0.01), "not having snacks after dinner" and "avoiding processed foods for snacks" (p < 0.05). Subjects had snacks 1.3 times a day, and nutrition label nonusers consumed snacks more frequently than the counterparts (p < 0.01). About 55% of nutrition label users and 64.7% of nonusers mainly purchased snacks for themselves (p < 0.05). Commonly purchased snacks by adolescents were ice cream, cookies/chips, breads and ramen. Major considerations in purchasing snacks were taste (46.9%) and price (34.6%). In selecting snacks, the influence of friends and parents was greater than the other sources. Based on eating frequency of snacks, nutrition label users were more likely to consume healthy snacks, such as fruit juices, vegetables, milk, yogurt, and potato/sweet potato than nonusers (p < 0.05). Eating behaviors measured by 15 items scored 33.6 out of 45. Nutrition label users showed better eating behaviors, such as "eating meals slowly", "eating foods cooked with plant oil", and "eating out less frequently" (p < 0.05). Study results showed that majority of adolescents did not read nutrition labels, selected snacks for themselves and had somewhat unhealthy foods for snacks. This study also showed the differences in self-efficacy, snacking and eating behaviors between nutrition label users and nonusers. In nutrition education, it is necessary to stress the importance and skills for reading nutrition labels. It is also needed to help adolescents to select healthy snacks and have desirable eating behaviors, as well as increasing self-efficacy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1340-1348
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• 2019

Objective: The objectives were to compare variance components, genetic parameters, prediction accuracies, and genomic-polygenic estimated breeding value (EBV) rankings for milk yield (MY) and fat yield (FY) in the Thai multibreed dairy population using five single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sets from GeneSeek GGP80K chip. Methods: The dataset contained monthly MY and FY of 8,361 first-lactation cows from 810 farms. Variance components, genetic parameters, and EBV for five SNP sets from the GeneSeek GGP80K chip were obtained using a 2-trait single-step average-information restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The SNP sets were the complete SNP set (all available SNP; SNP100), top 75% set (SNP75), top 50% set (SNP50), top 25% set (SNP25), and top 5% set (SNP5). The 2-trait models included herd-year-season, heterozygosity and age at first calving as fixed effects, and animal additive genetic and residual as random effects. Results: The estimates of additive genetic variances for MY and FY from SNP subsets were mostly higher than those of the complete set. The SNP25 MY and FY heritability estimates (0.276 and 0.183) were higher than those from SNP75 (0.265 and 0.168), SNP50 (0.275 and 0.179), SNP5 (0.231 and 0.169), and SNP100 (0.251and 0.159). The SNP25 EBV accuracies for MY and FY (39.76% and 33.82%) were higher than for SNP75 (35.01% and 32.60%), SNP50 (39.64% and 33.38%), SNP5 (38.61% and 29.70%), and SNP100 (34.43% and 31.61%). All rank correlations between SNP100 and SNP subsets were above 0.98 for both traits, except for SNP100 and SNP5 (0.93 for MY; 0.92 for FY). Conclusion: The high SNP25 estimates of genetic variances, heritabilities, EBV accuracies, and rank correlations between SNP100 and SNP25 for MY and FY indicated that genotyping animals with SNP25 dedicated chip would be a suitable to maintain genotyping costs low while speeding up genetic progress for MY and FY in the Thai dairy population.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.367-381
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish a mother and child cohort in the Chinese population, and investigate human breastmilk (HBM) composition and its relationship with maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant growth during the first 3 mon of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 101 Chinese mother and infant pairs were included in this prospective cohort. Alterations in the milk macronutrients of Chinese mothers at 1 mon (T1), 2 mon (T2), and 3 mon (T3) lactation were analyzed. HBM fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by gas chromatography (GC), and HBM proteomic profiling was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS: During the first 3 mon of lactation (P < 0.05), significant decreases were determined in the levels of total energy, fat, protein, and osteopontin (OPN), as well as ratios of long-chain saturated FA (including C16:0, C22:0 and C24:0), monounsaturated FA (including C16:1), and n-6 poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) (including C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6, and n-6/n-3). Conversely, butyrate, C6:0 and n-3 PUFA C18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) were significantly increased during the first 3 mon (P < 0.05). HBM proteomic analyses distinguished compositional protein differences over time (P = 0.001). Personalized motherinfant analyses demonstrated that HBM from high BMI mothers presented increased total energy, fat, protein and OPN, and increased content of n-6 PUFA (including C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio) as compared with low BMI mothers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BMI of the mothers positively correlated with the head circumference (HC) of infants as well as the specific n-6 PUFA C20:3n-6 over the 3 time points examined. Infant HC was negatively associated with C18:0. CONCLUSION: This study provides additional evidence to the Chinese HBM database, and further knowledge of FA function. It also helps to establish future maternal strategies that support the healthy growth and development of Chinese infants.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2014

본 연구는 옥수수 사일리지를 이용하여 TMR 제조 시 배합시간에 따른 물리적 특성(Particle size, peNDF 및 laceration)의 변화를 조사하고, 반추위 내 in situ 건물분해율 및 비유중기 착유우의 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행되었다. TMR 시험사료는 동일한 원료를 이용하여 배합시간을 30분(T1구)과 50분(T2구)으로 제조하였다. Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS, 19 mm와 8mm 체)로 분리하여 입자크기의 분포를 분석한 결과 배합 시간이 30분(T1)에서 50분(T2)로 증가함에 따라 하층(<8mm)의 비율이 유의적으로 증가하였고(p<0.01), $peNDF_{&gt;8.0}$는 유의적으로 감소하였으며(p<0.01), 굵은 비율(${\geq}1mm$) 이 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.01). 반추위 내 in situ 건물 분해율은 모든 배양시간에서 처리구간 차이가 없었지만 24시간 배양에서 T1구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. (p<0.01). 산유량은 처리구간 차이가 없었지만 유지방은 T1이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 본 연구 결과에서 옥수수 사일리지 위주의 TMR 제조 시 배합시간을 단축 조절함으로서 산유량 및 유성분에 대한 부정적 영향 없이 조사료의 물리적 사료가치를 증진하는데 효과가 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.287-296
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• 2010

본 시험은 발효미역부산물의 수준별 첨가가 Holstein 비유우의 산유량과 유성분, 혈중 호르몬과 대사산물 및 IgG와 IgA의 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 발효미역부산물의 사료적 가치를 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 산유량을 보면 시험 60일에서 대조구와 1% FBSW, 2% FBSW가 각각 28.99 kg/d, 31.00 kg/d, 30.39 kg/d로 1% FBSW구에서 대조구에 비하여 2 kg/d의 유량증가를 보였으며, D0에 대한 유량 증가 또한 대조구 -1.84 kg/d에 비하여 1% FBSW는 0.23 kg/d로 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다(P<0.05). 유지방, 유단백, SNF, MUN 등 유성분에서는 처리간에 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. 우유중의 Ca농도는 시험 40일에서 대조구가 13.73 mg/dl, 1% FBSW가 18.02 mg/dl, 16.64 mg/dl로 통계적인 유의차를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 우유 중 total cholesterol은 시험개시와 시험 종료시 대조구와 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. 우유중의 체세포는 시험 60일에서 13.86~15.66만개/ml 범위내(체세포 1등급기준 < 20만개/ml)에 있음이 관찰되어 발효미역부산물 첨가의 효과가 관찰되지 않았다. 혈중 IgG는 시험 종료 시 처리구간 유사하게 나타났으며 IgA의 농도는 대조구, 1% FBSW, 2% FBSW가 각각 181.23, 207.83, 242.39 ${\mu}g$/ml로 발효미역부산물 첨가구에서 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났으나 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 갑상선호르몬인 T4는 1%, 2% 발효미역부산물 첨가에 의해 뚜렷한 증가를 보였고(p<0.05), 비유촉진 호르몬인 prolactin 역시 통계적 유의성 차이는 없었으나 1% FBSW가 0.76ng/ml로 가장 높게 나타났다. 혈중 대사산물인 glucose는 처리간 유의차는 나타나지 않았으며 NEFA의 경우도 0.30~0.32 mEq/dl로 처리간 동일한 수준으로 나타냈다. BUN의 경우 처리 40일에서 대조구, 1% FBSW, 2% FBSW가 각각 19.22, 17.81, 16.58 mg/dl로 2% FBSW가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으나, 다른 비유기에는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈중 WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, T-B, ALP, GOT, GPT 등 항목의 측정결과 시험 20일에서는 각 항목에서 처리별 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 시험 40일의 경우 혈중 GOT가 1% FBSW이 107.71 IU/L로 가장 낮게 나타났고 2% FBSW가 146.71 IU/L, 대조구가 163.57 IU/L로 통계적인 유의차를 나타냈으나(p<0.05), 다른 비유기에는 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 결과를 종합해 볼 때 1% 수준의 발효미역부산물의 첨가는 젖소의 산유량 증가에 효과적이며, 이는 비유관련 호르몬의 발현을 증가시킴으로 기인된 것으로 판단된다. 아울러 우유중 Ca의 함량이 현저히 증가되는 결과를 볼 때 발효미역부산물을 보다 효율적으로 이용한다면 고능력 및 고기능성 젖소사료로의 이용가능성이 높을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2013

본 실험은 조사료와 농후사료비율(조:농비)에 따라 low forage(LF)구 및 high forage(HF)구로 나누어 Holstein 착유소(초산) 10두를 각 5두씩 배치하여 실시하였다. LF구는 조:농비가 37:63로 BIRG 사일리지와 혼합건초를 포함한 조사료의 급여량을 줄인 반면 농후사료를 다량 급여하였다. HF구는 조:농비가 62:38로 농후사료 급여량을 줄인 반면 BIRG 사일리지와 혼합건초를 포함한 조사료를 다량 급여하였다. 평균 조사료섭취량은 LF구 7.1 및 HF구 13.0 kg으로 HF구에서, 평균 농후사료 섭취량은 LF구 12.3 및 HF구 7.9 kg으로 LF구에서 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 총 사료 섭취량은 LF구 19.4 및 HF구 20.9 kg으로 HF구에서 높은 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). CP, TDN 및 NEL 섭취량은 두 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 실제 산유량은 LF구 26 및 HF구 23.9 kg/d 으로 처리 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나(p>0.05) LF구에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 4% FCM은 LF구 22.8 및 HF구 22.3 kg/d 으로 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). HF구에서 유지방 함량은 높고 MUN 함량은 낮았다. 우유의 C14:0, C16:0 및 C16:1n7 함량은 HF구가 LF구 보다 유의적으로 높았으나(p<0.05), 그 외의 우유지방산은 두 처리구간에 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 본 연구에서와 같이 급여 사료 중 BIRG 사일리지와 수입건초와 같은 조사료를 적절하게 배합하여 다량급여 하여도 착유소(초산우)에 필요한 영양소 충족이 가능하여 산유량의 감소가 없는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

본 연구는 젖소에 있어서 삭제가 유 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 2003년부터 2004년까지 2년간에 걸쳐 축산연구소 개방형 깔짚 우사에서 사육중인 홀스타인 착유우 17두를 대상으로 처리구 9두 및 대조구 8두를 공시하였고 삭제는 분만 후 20일을 전후하여 1회에 한해 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 유기에 따른 두당 1일 유량은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 $28.5{\pm}1.37kg$ 및 $29.0{\pm}0.54kg$, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 $24.5{\pm}0.59kg$ 및 $25.6{\pm}0.60kg$, 201일 이상의 경우 $19.9{\pm}0.42kg$ 및 $19.4{\pm}0.48kg$으로 두당 1일 유량은 유기에 따라 대조구와 삭제구간에 거의 비슷한 수준으로 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 305일 보정유량에 있어서도 대조구와 삭제구가 각각 $7,235{\pm}371$ 및 $7,472{\pm}356kg$으로 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 2. 유기에 따른 체세포수는 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 $220.4{\pm}27.4$ 및 $125.0{\pm}21.1x10^3\;cell/ml$로 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 $167.8{\pm}28.2$ 및 $147.8{\pm}18.2x10^3\;cells/ml$, 201일 이상의 경우 $125.8{\pm}27.2$ 및 $237.1{\pm}90.0X10^3\;cells/ml$로 101일 이상에서는 유기에 따라 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 3. 유기에 따른 유지방은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 3.86% 및 3.56%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.01 % 및 3.76%, 201일 이상의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.29% 및 3.78%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 유단백은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 3.22% 및 3.03%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 공히 3.21%, 201일 이상의 경우 3.50% 및 3.28%로 유단백도 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 유당은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.76% 및 4.81%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 4.84% 및 4.74%, 201일 이상의 경우 4.59% 및 4.50%로 유당은 전유기에 걸쳐 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 유고형분은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 12.43% 및 12.36%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 12.78% 및 12.44%, 201일 이상의 경우 13.17% 및 11.30%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제 구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다.