• 대한치매학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.100-109
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• 2018

Background and Purpose: Although the clock drawing test (CDT) is a widely used cognitive screening instrument, there have been inconsistent findings regarding its utility with various scoring systems in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. The present study aimed to identify whether patients with MCI or dementia exhibited impairment on the CDT using three different scoring systems, and to determine which scoring system is more useful for detecting MCI and mild dementia. Methods: Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI), mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild vascular dementia (VaD), and cognitively normal older adults (CN) were included. All participants were administered the CDT, the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. The CDT was scored using the 3-, 5-, and 15-point scoring systems. Results: On all three scoring systems, all patient groups demonstrated significantly lower scores than the CN. However, while there were no significant differences among patients with aMCI, VaMCI, and AD, those with VaD exhibited the lowest scores. Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves revealed that the three CDT scoring systems were comparable with the K-MMSE in differentiating aMCI, VaMCI, and VaD from CN. In differentiating AD from CN, however, the CDT using the 15-point scoring system demonstrated the most comparable discriminability with K-MMSE. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the CDT is a useful cognitive screening tool that is comparable with the Mini-Mental State Examination, and that simple CDT scoring systems are sufficient for differentiating patients with MCI and mild dementia from CN.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1253-1262
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• 2006

This research explored the clothing behavior of dementia inpatient according to the dementia severity, dementia type and demographic characteristics. Data were collected by surveying 149 dementia inpatients and their caregivers. The collected data were analysed through frequency analysis, $X^2$-test, one way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test and t-test. The results were as follows: First, the dementia severity was classified into the severe, moderate and mild dementia by K-MMSE and the dementia types were composed of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and the others. The severe dementia group and Alzheimer's disease group included the more aged and more female inpatients. And the severe dementia group was lower self-support of the basic activities of daily living than the mild dementia group. Second, the change motions of the dementia inpatient's clothing differed from the clothing item and dementia severity. That is, the motions for pants were more difficult than those for upper garment. And the motions for severe dementia group were more difficult than those for the mild dementia group. Third, there were significant differences among the three groups by dementia severity and between the male and female dementia inpatient in the clothing behavior. Most of abnormal clothing behaviors were found in the severe dementia group. The positive clothing behaviors appeared in the mild dementia group. And interests of clothing and appearance appeared in the female inpatients.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.158-168
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• 2023

Background and Purpose: Facial emotion recognition deficits impact the daily life, particularly of Alzheimer's disease patients. We aimed to assess these deficits in the following three groups: subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Additionally, we explored the associations between facial emotion recognition and cognitive performance. Methods: We used the Korean version of the Florida Facial Affect Battery (K-FAB) in 72 SCD, 76 MCI, and 76 mild AD subjects. The comparison was conducted using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with adjustments being made for age and sex. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was utilized to gauge the overall cognitive status, while the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) was employed to evaluate the performance in the following five cognitive domains: attention, language, visuospatial abilities, memory, and frontal executive functions. Results: The ANCOVA results showed significant differences in K-FAB subtests 3, 4, and 5 (p=0.001, p=0.003, and p=0.004, respectively), especially for anger and fearful emotions. Recognition of 'anger' in the FAB subtest 5 declined from SCD to MCI to mild AD. Correlations were observed with age and education, and after controlling for these factors, MMSE and frontal executive function were associated with FAB tests, particularly in the FAB subtest 5 (r=0.507, p<0.001 and r=-0.288, p=0.026, respectively). Conclusions: Emotion recognition deficits worsened from SCD to MCI to mild AD, especially for negative emotions. Complex tasks, such as matching, selection, and naming, showed greater deficits, with a connection to cognitive impairment, especially frontal executive dysfunction.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2019

본 연구는 경증 알츠하이머 치매 노인의 베타 아밀로이드 및 혈중 지질 수준과 인지기능 간의 상관관계를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구의 대상자는 경증 알츠하이머 치매 노인 45명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 2018년 12월 베타 아밀로이드 및 혈중 지질 수준을 측정하기 위해 혈액 분석을 실시하였으며, 인지기능의 측정을 위해 MMSE-K 검사를 이용하여 측정하였다. 베타 아밀로이드 및 혈중 지질 수준과 인지기능 간의 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 Pearson's correlation analysis를 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과 베타 아밀로이드 수준과 인지기능 간의 상관관계에서는 -.604로 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였으며(p<.05), 혈중 지질 수준과 인지기능 간의 상관관계에서는 TC(total cholesterol)와 LDL(low density lipoprotein) 수준에서 각각 -.601, -.403로 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<.05). 이와 같은 결과는 베타아밀로이드 및 TC, LDL 수준이 증가할수록 인지기능이 감소하는 음의 상관관계가 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이처럼 치매 환자의 예방 및 인지기능의 증진을 위해서 치매 관련 병리학적 인자의 관리가 중요하다고 사료된다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

연구목적 : 본 연구는 경도인지장애(Mild cognitive impairment, 이하 MCI)와 알쯔하이머형 치매(Dementia of Alzheimer's type, 이하 AD)의 신경정신증상 빈도와 점수를 조사하고 비교 분석한 뒤, 인지기능과 Korean Neuropsychiatric Inventory(K-NPI) 결과와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : MCI 또는 AD를 진단받은 163명의 환자들을 세 군으로 분류하였다. K-NPI를 이용하여 MCI 환자 55명, 경도의 AD 환자 56명, 중등도 이상의 AD 환자 52명을 대상으로 신경정신증상을 조사하였고, 세 군간의 K-NPI의 부척도별 빈도와 composite score를 비교하였다. 결 과 : MCI군에서 가장 흔한 증상은 우울/불쾌감, 수면/야간행동, 불안, 과민/불안정 순이었다. 경도 AD군에서의 증상은 초조/공격, 우울/불쾌감, 불안, 무감동/무관심, 수면/야간행동 순으로 빈번하게 나타났다. 중등도 이상 AD 군에서는 무감동/무관심, 우울/불쾌감, 초조/공격, 망상 순이었다. 이 중 망상, 환각, 초조/공격, 무감동/무관심, 이상행동증상, 식욕/식습관의 변화의 빈도는 세 군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 총 NPI 점수는 MMSE-KC 점수와는 음의 상관관계를, GDS와는 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 신경정신증상은 MCI, AD에서 흔히 보이는데, 본 연구에서는 MCI와 경도의 AD에서 이들 증상들이 유사한 양상을 나타내었다. 정신증은 중등도 이상 AD에서 가장 흔하게 나타났고, 이로 인해 더욱 빠른 인지기능의 저하를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 MCI와 AD의 각 진행 단계에 따른 적절한 치료가 필요하다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2004

Evaluation of dementia in patients with early symptoms of cognitive decline is clinically challenging, but the need for early, accurate diagnosis has become more crucial, since several medication for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer' disease are available. Many neurodegenerative diseases produce significant brain function alteration even when structural imaging (CT or MRI) reveal no specific abnormalities. The role of PET and SPECT brain imaging in the initial assessment and differential diagnosis of dementia is beginning to evolve vapidly and growing evidence indicates that appropriate incorporation of PET into the clinical work up can improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy with respect to Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia in the geriatric population. in the fast few years, studios comparing neuropathologic examination with PET have established reliable and consistent accuracy for diagnostic evaluations using PET - accuracies substantially exceeding those of comparable studies of diagnostic value of SPECT or of both modalities assessed side by side, or of clinical evaluations done without nuclear imaging. This review deals the role of functional brain imaging techniques in the evaluation of dementias and the role of nuclear neuroimaging in the early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2017

The brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) is an important imaging biomarker in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as the cerebral atrophy has been shown to strongly associate with cognitive symptoms. The decrease of volume estimates in different structures of the medial temporal lobe related to memory correlates with the decline of cognitive functions in neurodegenerative diseases. During the past decades several methods have been developed for quantifying the disease related atrophy of hippocampus from MRI. Special effort has been dedicated to separate AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) related modifications from normal aging for the purpose of early detection and prediction. We trained a multi-class support vector machine (SVM) with probabilistic outputs on a sample (n = 58) of 20 normal controls (NC), 19 individuals with MCI, and 19 individuals with AD. The model was then applied to the cross-validation of same data set which no labels were known and the predictions. This study presents data on the association between MRI quantitative parameters of hippocampus and its quantitative structural changes examination use on the classification of the diseases.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2018

연구목적 본 연구의 목적은 알츠하이머병 및 경도인지장애 환자에서 백질고강도신호 차이에 따른 신경인지 기능 및 행동심리증상(BPSD)을 비교하는 것이다. 방 법 본 연구는 후향적 연구로서, 알츠하이머병 및 경도인지장애로 진단받은 115명을 대상으로 하였다. 뇌 자기공명영상의 백질 고강도 신호(white matter hyperintensity, WMH)는 표준화된 시각 기반 척도(Fazekas scales)에 의해 평가되었으며, 참가자들은 Fazekas 척도에 따라 두 그룹으로 분류되었다. 신경인지기능은 임상치매평가척도(CERAD-K)에 의해, BPSD는 한국형 신경정신행동검사(K-NPI)로 평가되었다. WMH의 심각도에 따른 신경인지기능 및 BPSD의 차이를 분석하기 위해 독립표본 t-test를 시행하였다. 결 과 WMH의 중증도가 높은 군은 유의하게 낮은 언어 유창성을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 또한 WMH의 중증도가 높은 군은 유의하게 높은 K-NPI 점수를 보였다(p<0.01). 결 론 WMH와 실행기능과 관련된 신경인지검사 간에는 유의한 연관이 있었다. 또한 WMH는 BPSD의 중증도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. 임상실제에서 WMH를 알츠하이머 병(Alzheimer's disease, AD)및 경도인지장애(Mild cognitive impairment, MCI)환자를 치료하는데 유용한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.245-252
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• 2024

Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine used for prevention and treatment of various diseases as a tonic. Recent scientific cohort studies on life prolongation with ginseng consumption support this record, as those who consumed ginseng for more than 5 years had reduced mortality and cognitive decline compared to those who did not. Clinical studies have also shown that acute or long-term intake of ginseng total extract improves acute working memory performance or cognitive function in healthy individuals and those with subjective memory impairment (SMI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or early Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia who are taking AD medication(s). Ginseng contains various components ranging from classical ginsenosides and polysaccharides to more recently described gintonin. However, it is unclear which ginseng component(s) might be the main candidate that contribute to memory or cognitive improvements or prevent cognitive decline in older individuals. This review describes recent clinical contributors to ginseng components in clinical tests and introduces emerging evidence that ginseng components could be novel candidates for cognitive improvement in older individuals, as ginseng components improve SMI cognition and exhibits add-on effects when coadministered with early AD dementia drugs. The mechanism behind the beneficial effects of ginseng components and how it improves cognition are presented. Additionally, this review shows how ginseng components can contribute to SMI, MCI, or early AD dementia when used as a supplementary food and/or medicine, and proposes a novel combination therapy of current AD medicines with ginseng component(s).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of an exercise program on activities of daily living (ADL), balance and cognition in elderly individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Methods: Thirty-two patients with mild to moderate cognitive impairment were assigned to one of two groups: an exercise group (n=16) and a control group (n=16). The exercise group carried on regular exercise for 60 minutes a day, 4-5 times per week for 8 weeks. The exercise group participated in an exercise program (treadmill training and physical training). ADL, balance and cognitive function were evaluated before and at the end of the program using the Korean modified Bathel Index (K-MBI), the Functional independence measure (FIM), the Berg balance scale (BBS), the Balance performance monitor (BPM), and the Mini mental state examination (MMSE) in both groups. Results: There were significant exercise-induced improvements in ADL and Balance from pre to post tests; but not in MMSE. Conclusion: Exercise programs can improve ADL and balance in elderly with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.