• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.27-56
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• 2015

How should we conceptualize regions? What is the context in which new approaches to regional study take place? What is the role of historical change in the reconceptualization of regions or areas? This article addresses this issue by using two case studies to shed light on the history of regional study by comparing some of the ways in which the Middle East and Southeast Asia have been conceptualized. Accordingly, the discussion traces the ways in which these areas were understood in the 19th century by highlighting the ideas of a number of influential Victorian thinkers. The Victorians are useful because not only did British thinkers play critical roles in the shaping of modern patterns of knowledge, but their empire was global in scope, encompassing parts of both Southeast Asia and the Middle East. However, the Victorians regarded these places quite differently: Southeast Asia was frequently described as "Further India" and the Middle East was the home of the Ottoman Empire. Both of these places were at least partly understood in relation to the needs of British policy-makers, who tended to focus most of their efforts according to the needs of India-which was their most important colonial possession. The article exhibits the connections between the "Eastern Question" and end of the Ottoman Empire (and the political developments which followed) led to the creation of the concept of "Middle East". With respect to Southeast Asia, attention will be devoted to the works of Alfred Russell Wallace, Hugh Clifford, and others to see how "further India" was understood in the 19th century. In addition, it is clear that the successful deployment of the term "Southeast Asia" reflected the political needs of policy makers in wake of decolonization and the Cold War. Finally, by showing the constructive nature of regions, the article suggests one possible new path for students of Southeast Asia. If the characterization of the region is marked by arbitrary factors, it may actually point to a useful avenue of enquiry, a hermeneutic of expedience. Emphasis on the adaptive and integrative features of lived realities in Southeast Asia may well be a step beyond both the agendas of "colonial knowledge" and anti-colonial nationalism.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose the new time-varying coefficient GARCH-in-Mean model. The benefit of our model is to allow the risk-return parameter in the mean equation to vary over time. At the end of 2019 to the beginning of 2020, the world witnessed two shocking events: COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 oil price war. So, we decide to use the daily data from December 2, 2019 to May 29, 2020, which cover these two major events. The purpose of this study is to find the dynamic movement between risk and return in four major oil markets: Brent, West Texas Intermediate, Dubai, and Singapore Exchange, during COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 oil price war. For the European oil market, our model found a significant and positive risk-return relationship in Brent during March 26-April 21, 2020. For the North America oil market, our model found a significant positive risk return relationship in West Texas Intermediate (WTI) during March 12-May 8, 2020. For the Middle East oil market, we found a significant and positive risk-return relationship in Dubai during March 12-April 14, 2020. Lastly, for the South East Asia oil market, we found a significant positive risk return relationship in Singapore Exchange (SGX) from March 9-May 29, 2020.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2024

Israel craves peace and freedom. Israel has won many wars and conflicts militarily. They have developed strategic thinking based on the data, unique culture, and peacetime preparation system accumulated so far, and the strategic culture based on it contributes to fostering elite strong forces by presenting directions to security strategies.The strategic culture formed by Israeli beliefs, behavioral patterns, and identity influenced strategic thinking and the usefulness of security strategies. The purpose of this study is to redefine the concept of strategic culture by referring to the methodological discussion of strategic culture theory and to examine how useful strategic culture has provided strategic thinking and security strategies. In addition, based on the impact of Israel's strategic culture on security strategy, I would like to present implications for Korea's security strategy.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.51
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• pp.1-24
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• 2018

The real purpose of the Iraq War was to ensure that the United States took control of Iraq's oil and retained its hegemony in the Middle East. Afterward, anti-American and anti-war movements spread around the world. The Iraq war is an important event. Korean poetry goes beyond the specificity of 'Korean War and division' and puts 'anti-war' and 'peace' at the universal level on the subject. It means joining the global and contemporary issues of 'anti-war' and 'peace'. Korean poetry based on the Iraq War is divided into three categories: poetry that accuses and testifies to the devastation, poetry that identifies the cause of the war, and poetry that presents alternatives and solutions. The poetry is linked to the idea of respect for life, and appears in the form of peace and nonviolence.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.72
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• pp.199-225
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• 2016

This study has two main purposes: to establish a list of source domains in the metaphors for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and to uncover ideological meanings embedded in them in Korean news reports from KBS and JTBC. The first part of this study presents metaphors such as [MERS IS WAR], [MERS IS WAVE], [MERS IS A LIVING THING], and [MERS IS A THING], which were found in the data. The latter part of this study deals with how the two broadcasting companies use these metaphors differently according to their ideologies. In the metaphor of [MERS IS WAR], KBS tends to show less of the agents who controls the war since the war against MERS has failed which casts responsibility to the controlling agents, the government and big hospitals. In this, KBS tries to present less of the information of the responsible agents that presented in JTBC. Through the metaphor of [MERS IS WAVE], KBS presents the aftermath of MERS as something not serious. Compared to JTBC, KBS tends to suggest that the aftermath of MERS is predominantly an economic effects by metaphorically suggesting that predominantly the economic sector got hit by MERS.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.277-296
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• 2023

The South Korean ethnic diaspora US lobby shows efficacy as an interest group in generating influence in American foreign and domestic public policy making. The persuasive portrayal of South Korea as a critical Cold War US ally reinforced US amenability to pro-South Korea lobbying. Also, the South Korean US diaspora is a comparatively recent immigrant group, thus its lingering resistance to assimilation facilitates its political mobilization to lobby the US government. One source of this influence includes the foundational legacy of proselytizing Western and particularly American religious social movement representatives in Korean religiosity and society. US protestant Christianity acquired a strong public association with emerging Korean nationalism in response to Japanese imperialism and occupation. Hostility towards Japanese colonialism followed by the threat from Soviet-sponsored, North Korean Communism meant Christianity did not readily become a cultural symbol of excessive external, US interference in South Korean society by South Korean public opinion. The post-Cold War shift in US foreign policy towards targeting so-called rogue state vestiges of the Cold War including North Korea enhanced further South Korea's influence in Washington. Due to essential differences in the perceived historical role of American influence, extrapolation of the South Korean development model is problematic. US hegemony in South Korea indicates that perceived alliance with national self-determination constitutes the core of soft power appeal. Civilizational appeal per se in the form of religious beliefs are not critically significant in promoting American polity influence in target polities in South Korea or, comparatively, in the Middle East. The United States is a perceived opponent of pan-Arab nationalism which has trended towards populist Islamic religious symbolism with the failure of secular nationalism. The pronounced component of evangelical Christianity in American core community nationalism which the Trump campaign exploited is a reflection of this orientation in the US.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.47-52
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• 2017

The wave of democratization that started in southern Europe spread to South America and Asia, dismantling the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries and appeared as a Jasmine revolution in countries of North Africa and the Middle East. As a result, many scholars have actively carried out researches related to the sudden change of North Korea, while taking a cautious view that the Jasmine Revolution might occur in North Korea. The focuses of the studies were on the cause and timing of the sudden change and the main forces of the revolution in North Korea. There weren't enough discussions on how the process will be developed and whether there will be a system change. In this study, based on the results of analyzing the systematic changes of the Jasmine revolution nations, it suggested five scenarios that can be developed after the sudden change of North Korea. Scenario type I: Relatively peaceful and the possibility of regime change, Scenario type II: Reunification and then civil war, Scenario type III: Regime changed but one of Kim Il Sung family grabbing the power, Scenario type IV: Successful regime change but civil war happening, Scenario type V: Regime change failed and civil war continuing.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.42
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• pp.251-276
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• 2015

The purpose of this article is to examine Israeli intelligence activity which had contributed to the building of Israel and of its national identity. In the late 19th, the Jews scattered around the world had shared the image of victims shaped in the history of the persecution. In this process, intelligence activity was a staple factor which established the state of Israel; political and religious community. Fighting against Arabs, Israel's intelligence agents had played key role in migrating Jews to Palestine and building their own state. In other words, Intelligence activity was the instrument of implementing political Zionism, Jewish nationalism. Even after independence in 1948, despite the opposition of Arab, Israeli intelligence agencies had persuaded the United States and the Soviet Union to recognize Israel as a member of the international society. Arab countries, nevertheless, had regarded Israel as 'a state to be disappeared', and its national identity was totally denied. However, Israel officially gained recognition for statehood through Arab-Israeli war and summit talks with Egypt. Israel finally restored the 'Promised Land' that is recorded in the Bible and established its identity of a winner. In conclusion, Israeli intelligence agency played a decisive role in founding the nation and even forming the consciousness of the people.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.4
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• pp.289-350
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• 2006

The world has been rapidly restructured in an agenda of national security from center of military strength to that of economic strength since the post cold-war era China military leadership-division carried out RMA through learning of a lesson from Gulf war in 1990 -1991 and Iraq war in 2003, thus the leadership-division made an attempt to convert the military system to a technical intensive system. The principle based on RMA of China military is (National defense strategy) drafted by the central military committee 1985 and (Four modernization general principles) 1978. China has introduced Russian high-technological arms and equipment in order to build up the military arms greatly thanks to an economical development, and they take pragmatism line as chinese socialism with their strategy to make secure a position as military powers such as they successfully launched a manned spacecraft and are building an air-craft carrie and soon. USA has a theory of dichotomy whether a country is a cooperator for USA, or not. and also enemy or friend since 9.11terror, thus USA is different from their direction of police. This is because USA stands a position as the superpower of the supremacy hegemony of the world. We must be carefully aware that USA considers as important area for Middle east, West south Asia, Central Asia and Northwest Asia to meet the demands of 2lcentury. Accordingly, the focus of USA's military strategy will be probably concentrated at the above mentioned four areas. On the other hand, USA enjoys such a superpower position due to collapse of USSR which was the past main enemy since the post cold war era. We could give an conclusive example as fact that USA has recurred to unilateralism But USA carry on the military operations to the terror groups at global around by converting thje military strike strategy to pre-emptive strike strategy since9.11 terror, 2001. USA seeks for transformation to the mobile military forces with light-quantity oriented in order to carry on such the military operations and makes progress GPR, And the USA forces in Korea makes progress a military renovation as part of such a military strategy. On the other hand, USA promotes the measures of choose for the countries standing at the crossroads of strategy and carries forward a main scheme of provision for four priority aims that the leaders of a hostile country and mis-country shall be prohibited from use and obtainment of weapons of mass destruction. Accordingly, this treatise found out a significant meaning to have an effect on the national security in the korean peninsula.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.47-80
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• 2018

Bosnia has a unique political and social structure of 'One State-Two Systems' according to the 'Dayton Peace Agreement'. It is true that since the end of the 1995 civil war, the problem of nation and peace in Bosnia has been attracted by the broad concept of Europe as a whole, beyond the local dimension of the Balkans. Bosnia is a typical 'Mosaic of Religion and Culture' region in Europe. And Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, where various religious and cultural features of Europe are gathered, is called 'Jerusalem in Europe'. For this reason Bosnia has repeated a history of cultural and religious conflict since the Middle Ages. However, before the civil war in the late 20th century, the nations in Bosnia also had experience of 'harmony among various nations, religions and cultures of East and West'. The international community, including the EU, has paid attention to this point as it promotes Bosnia's reconstruction and peace settlement. And these are working to restore the history of harmony among nations in Bosnia today. In the past, research on Bosnia has focused primarily on national conflicts between religions and cultures. However, in this study, I will try to analyze the practical cases of peace settlement and harmony among nations in Bosnia as follows: First, 'Bosnia's accession to the EU' which means active intervention and continued interest of the international community. Second, 'the resolution of war crimes and liquidation of past history' through the end of ICTY mission in December 2017. And third, 'reflection of international society and historical reconciliation of Serbia' through the reinterpretation of the Srebrenica massacre.