• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.253-257
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the surface microhardness of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) samples having different thicknesses and exposed to human blood from one side and with or without a moist cotton pellet on the other side. Materials and Methods: Ninety cylindrical molds with three heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm were fabricated. In group 1 (dry condition), molds with heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm (10 molds of each) were filled with ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental), and the upper surface of the material was not exposed to any additional moisture. In groups 2 and 3, a distilled water- or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-moistened cotton pellet was placed on the upper side of MTA, respectively. The lower side of the molds in all the groups was in contact with human blood-wetted foams. After 4 day, the Vickers microhardness of the upper surface of MTA was measured. Results: In the dry condition, the 4 and 6 mm-thick MTA samples showed significantly lower microhardness than the 2 mm-thick samples (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). However, when a distilled water- or PBS-moistened cotton pellet was placed over the MTA, no significant difference was found between the surface microhardness of samples having the abovementioned three thicknesses of the material (p = 0.210 and p = 0.112, respectively). Conclusions: It could be concluded that a moist cotton pellet must be placed over the 4 to 6 mm-thick MTA for better hydration of the material. However, this might not be necessary when 2 mm-thick MTA is used.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.11
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of whitening mouth rinses alone and in combination with conventional whitening treatments on color, microhardness, and surface roughness changes in enamel specimens. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 enamel specimens were collected from human third molars and divided into 9 groups (n = 12): 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), 38% HP + Listerine Whitening (LW), 10% CP + LW, 38% HP + Colgate Plax Whitening (CPW), 10% CP + CPW, LW, CPW, and the control group (CG). The initial color of the specimens was measured, followed by microhardness and roughness tests. Next, the samples were bleached, and their color, microhardness, and roughness were assessed. Data were analyzed through 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; microhardness and roughness) and 1-way ANOVA (color change), followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The Dunnett test was used to compare the roughness and microhardness data of the CG to those of the treated groups. Results: Statistically significant color change was observed in all groups compared to the CG. All groups, except the LW group, showed statistically significant decreases in microhardness. Roughness showed a statistically significant increase after the treatments, except for the 38% HP group. Conclusions: Whitening mouth rinses led to a whitening effect when they were used after conventional treatments; however, this process caused major changes on the surface of the enamel specimens.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2019

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different finishing and polishing techniques on water absorption, water solubility, and microhardness of ceramic or glass-polymer based computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials following thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 150 disc-shaped specimens were prepared from three different hybrid materials and divided into five subgroups according to the applied surface polishing techniques. All specimens were subjected up to #4000 grit SiC paper grinding. No additional polishing has been done to the control group (Group I). Other polishing procedures were as follows: Group II: two-stage diamond impregnated polishing discs; Group III: yellow colored rubber based silicone discs; Group IV: diamond polishing paste; and Group V: Aluminum oxide polishing discs. Subsequently, 5000-cycles of thermocycling were applied. The analyses were conducted after 24 hours, 7 days, and 30 days of water immersion. Water absorption and water solubility results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Besides, microhardness data were compared by Kruskal-Wallis and MannWhitney U tests (P<.05). RESULTS. Surface polishing procedures had significant effects on water absorption and solubility and surface microhardness of resin ceramics (P<.05). Group IV exhibited the lowest water absorption and the highest microhardness values (P<.05). Immersion periods had no effect on the microhardness of hybrid ceramic materials (P>.05). CONCLUSION. Surface finishing and polishing procedures might negatively affect physical properties of hybrid ceramic materials. Nevertheless, immersion periods do not affect the microhardness of the materials. Final polishing by using diamond polishing paste can be recommended for all CAD/CAM materials.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.30.1-30.11
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• 2023

Objectives: This study verified the possibility of cementing fiberglass-reinforced posts using a flowable bulk-fill composite (BF), comparing its push-out bond strength and microhardness with these properties of 3 luting materials. Materials and Methods: Sixty endodontically treated bovine roots were used. Posts were cemented using conventional dual-cured cement (CC); self-adhesive cement (SA); dual-cured composite (RC); and BF. Push-out bond strength (n = 10) and microhardness (n = 5) tests were performed after 1 week and 4 months of storage. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 1-way ANOVA, t-test, and Tukey post-hoc tests were applied for the push-out bond strength and microhardness results; and Pearson correlation test was applied to verify the correlation between push-out bond strength and microhardness results (α = 0.05). Results: BF presented higher push-out bond strength than CC and SA in the cervical third before aging (p < 0.01). No differences were found between push-out bond strength before and after aging for all the luting materials (p = 0.84). Regarding hardness, only SA presented higher values measured before than after aging (p < 0.01). RC and BF did not present 80% of the maximum hardness at the apical regions. A strong positive correlation was found between the luting materials' push-out bond strength and microhardness (p < 0.01, R² = 0.7912). Conclusions: The BF presented comparable or higher push-out bond strength and microhardness than the luting materials, which indicates that it could be used for cementing resin posts in situations where adequate light curing is possible.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2024

Silver diamine fluoride, which can arrest dental caries, is alkaline and may cause mild soft tissue irritation. Water-based silver fluoride has a neutral pH, which is closer to the physiological range, and is biocompatible for use in the oral environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of water-based silver fluoride on remineralizing early enamel lesions by comparing it with other fluoride agents through microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence measurements. An in vitro study with intact bovine incisors was performed. Artificial enamel lesions were induced and subjected to microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence testing. Specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups for treatment. The specimens in group I were treated with water-based silver fluoride and potassium iodide, group II with silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide, group III with sodium fluoride varnish, and group IV with distilled water. After 8 days of pH cycling, the specimens were subjected to microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence testing. Water-based silver fluoride and silver diamine fluoride showed the greatest increases in microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence, with no significant differences between the two. Sodium fluoride varnish also exhibited a significant increase in microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence, but the differences were smaller than those for water-based silver fluoride and silver diamine fluoride. Water-based silver fluoride is considered useful in a clinical setting for remineralizing enamel lesions, with the advantages of no risk of tissue burn and improved taste and smell.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2024

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of dentin bonding agent acidity on surface microhardness of MTA. Materials and Methods: Forty cylindrical molds (3 mm×5 mm) were prepared, and three dentin bonding agents with different acidities: Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB), Single Bond Universal (SBU), and Clearfil SE bond 2 (CSE) were applied to the inner surface of the molds (n=10). No bonding agent was applied in the control group. MTA was mixed and inserted into the molds and sealed with a wet cotton pellet for 4 days. After setting, the Vickers microhardness (HV) test was done at 200, 400, 600 ㎛ from the inner surface of the mold. One-way ANOVA was conducted for all samples. A P-value of less than .05 was considered significant. Tukey HSD test was performed for post-hoc analysis. Results: The mean HV values and standard deviations were 67.02±11.38 (Con), 48.76±11.33 (ASB), 43.78±11.19 (CSE), 37.84±9.36 (SBU), respectively. The difference between the control group and the experimental groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). The difference between ASB and SBU was statistically significant (P<0.001), while the difference between SBU and CSE was not. There were no statistically significant differences between the various points from the inner surface of the mold within each group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Results of the current study indicate that use of dentin bonding agents with MTA can reduce the surface microhardness of MTA. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between the acidity of dentin bonding agents and the surface microhardness of MTA.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2013

수산화칼슘 근관충전제는 뛰어난 항균작용과 낮은 세포독성으로 우수한 유치 근관충전제로 평가되고 있다. 하지만 수산화칼슘을 근관 내 장기간 적용할 경우 치근 상아질에 미치는 부정적인 영향이 논의되고 있으며 많은 연구에서 영구치 근관에 수산화칼슘을 적용 후 상아질 경도의 감소가 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 수산화칼슘 제제의 적용 기간에 따라 유치 치근 상아질의 미세경도를 측정하여, 수산화칼슘의 적용이 유치 치근 상아질의 미세경도에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 생리적 치근 흡수가 1/3이상 진행되지 않은 시기에 발거된 60개의 상악 유전치를 각각 20개 씩 대조군, 수산화칼슘과 요오드포름의 혼합제제(Vitapex, Neodent., Japan), 수산화칼슘과 증류수의 혼합제제를 적용하는 3개의 군으로 분류하였다. 각 치아는 같은 과정의 치수 절제술을 시행한 후 교정용 레진에 매몰하여 군당 5개 치아를 배정하고 24시간, 7일, 30일, 90일 후 치근 중앙부에서 2 mm 두께의 시편을 획득하여 비커스 미세경도 측정기를 통해 미세경도를 측정하였다. 측정된 미세경도 값은 Kruskal-Wallis test로 변수 간의 상호관계를 확인하였으며 사후 검정으로 Mann-Whitney test를 시행하였다. 시간에 따른 미세경도 값의 감소량은 선형 회귀분석을 통해 추이를 분석하였다. 수산화칼슘 근관 충전제가 유치의 치근 상아질의 미세경도에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 수산화칼슘 근관 충전제를 유치의 근관에 적용 시 기간에 따라 치근상아 질의 미세경도가 감소하였으며, 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < 0.05). 수산화칼슘과 요오드화포름의 혼합제제에 비해 수산화칼슘을 증류수에 혼합하여 적용한 경우 유치 치근상아질의 미세경도가 더 급격하게 감소하였으며, 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < 0.05). 수산화칼슘을 적용하지 않은 대조군에서도 7일, 30일, 90일 후 기간에 따라 치근상아질의 미세경도가 감소하였으며, 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < 0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 고점도 글라스아이오노머와 레진 강화형 글라스아이오노머의 시간에 따른 불소 유리량, 미세경도, 용해도를 측정하고 비교하는 것이다. 고점도 글라스아이오노머인 Fuji IX GP EXTRA, Fuji IX GP, 레진 강화형 글라스아이오노머인 Fuji II LC를 실험군으로, Filtek$^{TM}$ Z350XT을 대조군으로 설정하였으며 탈이온수에 보관한 후 84일간 불소 유리량, 미세경도, 용해도를 측정하였다. 불소 유리량의 측정 결과 모든 글라스아이오노머는 1일에 불소 유리량이 가장 높았으며 서서히 감소하였다. 불소 유리량과 누적량은 Fuji IX GP EXTRA가 가장 높았으며 Fuji IX GP와 Fuji II LC는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 미세경도 측정 결과 모든 실험군에서 수분 노출 1일 후 측정에서 미세경도의 감소를 보였으며 84일 후 미세경도는 Fuji IX GP EXTRA와 Fuji IX GP가 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고 Fuji II LC이 가장 낮았다. 용해도 측정에서 Fuji IX GP EXTRA, Fuji IX GP, Fuji II LC은 21일까지 급격히 증가하였으며 21일 이후에는 세 군이 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결과적으로 단기간의 불소 유리는 용해도와 미세경도에 영향을 미치지만 장기간의 불소 유리는 물성과 상관관계를 가지지 않았다. 이 연구를 통하여 여러 가지 글라스아이오노머의 불소 유리량, 미세경도, 용해도를 평가하였으며 이러한 특성을 임상적으로 적용 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2010

Giomer는 글라스 아이오노머의 불소 유리 능력과 복합 레진의 물리적 성질을 동시에 가지고 있는 새로운 형태의 치과용수복 재료로 소개되고 있다. 그러나, 최근에 시판되고 있는 giomer의 실제 불소 유리 수준과 지속적인 불소 유리에 따른 물성 저하에 관한 연구는 아직까지 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 giomer의 시간 경과에 따른 불소 유리량과 미세경도를 측정하고 기존에 소개된 불소 유리 수복재료인 레진 강화형 글라스 아이오노머 및 컴포머와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 복합 레진을 제외한 모든 수복재에서 불소 유리가 관찰되었으며 첫째 날 유리량이 가장 높았고 이후 급격히 감소하여 7일 후부터는 완만하게 유지되는 양상을 보였다. 2. 31일간 누적 불소 유리량은 III군(레진 강화형 글라스 아이오노머)에서 57.941 ppm으로 가장 높았으며 II군(컴포머)에서 14.643 ppm, I군(giomer)에서 2.957 ppm 순으로 높은 유리량을 보였다. 3. 수복재의 미세경도는 IV군(복합 레진)에서 가장 높았으며 I군, II군, III군 순으로 높게 측정되었다. 4. 시간 경과에 따라 미세경도는 7일째 소폭 상승하였다가 31일째 다소 감소하는 양상을 보였으나 1일째와 비교시 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 이번 연구 결과, giomer(Beautifil II)는 컴포머(F2000 Compomer)에 비하여 낮은 불소 유리량과 유사한 미세경도를 보였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.152-156
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• 2014

최근 도입된 광범위 스펙트럼의 발광 다이오드 광중합기는 4개의 램프로 구성되어 있으며 다양한 중합 모드를 가지고 있다. 이 연구는 광범위 스펙트럼 발광 다이오드($VALO^{(R)}$, Ultradent, USA) 광중합기와 기존의 발광 다이오드 광중합기 ($Elipar^{TM}$ Freelight 2, 3M ESPE, USA)의 효율을 미세경도 시험을 통해 비교하였다. 연구에 사용한 광중합기는 $VALO^{(R)}$와 $Elipar^{TM}$ Freelight 2이며 중합 시간은 제조사의 지시에 따랐다. $37^{\circ}C$의 생리식염수에 중합된 레진 시편을 24시간 동안 보관한 후 미세경도 시험을 시행하였다. 시편 상부와 하부의 복합레진 미세경도는 공분산분석을 시행하였다. 광범위 스펙트럼의 발광 다이오드 광중합기를 이용하여 고성능 모드에서 4초, 플라즈마 모드에서 20초 광중합을 실시한 복합레진 시편의 상부는 기존의 발광 다이오드 광중합기에 비해 미세경도가 증가하였으나(p < 0.05), 시편의 하부에서는 실험에 사용된 광중합기 간에 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다.