• 생태와환경
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.264-274
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• 2008

영천호를 대상으로 2007년 3월부터 12월까지 남조류 발생현황, 환경요인, 남조류 독소인 microcystins의 생성 농도를 조사 분석하였다. HPLC 분석방법으로 영천호의 계절별 microcystins 농도를 분석한 결과, 각 요인에 따라 뚜렷한 증감패턴을 나타냈다. 계절적 인 우점종이 Anabaena sp.에서 M. aeruginosa로 바뀌면서 microcystins 생성량이 현저하게 증가하는 현상이 관찰되었고, 주요 출현종 중 M. aeruginosa 밀도와 microcystins 농도 간의 상관성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, M. aeruginosa 균주들의 높은 독소 생성율을 고려할 때, M. aeruginosa가 남조류 독소인 microcystins 생성에 가장 기여도가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. Microcystins와 환경요인들 간의 상관성 분석결과, 조사된 6개 항목(수온, pH, 전도도, 총인, 총질소, 용존 규소) 중 수온과는 약 $20^{\circ}C$ 이상의 수온범위에서 역의 상관성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 1999

어패류 속의 마이크로시스틴은 다른 단백질과 서로 결합하여 존재하기 때문에 이를 정확하게 정량 분석하기는 매우 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 마이크로시스틴의 가장 특징적인 Adda부분을 화학적으로 잘라내면 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid(MMPB)라는 물질이 생성된다. 이 물질을 에스테르화시켜서 GC로 분석하는 방법을 이용하여 어패류 속의 마이크로시스틴을 정확하게 정량분석할 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.513-520
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• 2006

The effect of chlorination on disinfection byproducts (DBPs) production from bloom-forming freshwater algae including 7 strains of cyanobacteria and 6 strains of diatoms was investigated. The release and degradation of hepatotoxin (microcystins) by the chlorination on Microcystis under differential condition of the chlorination time and dose were also investigated. The disinfection byproducts formation potentials (DBPFP) of cyanobacterial species and diatoms were ranged from 0.017 to $0.070{\mu}mol\;DBPs/mg$ C and from 0.129 to $0.708{\mu}mol\;DBPs/mg$ C respectively. Among three major groups of DBPs, haloacetonitrils (HANs) was major product in most test strains except Aphanizomenon sp. and Oscillatoria sp. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) was less than 5 % of total DBPs. Chloroform and dichloroacetonitril (DCAN) were dominant compounds in trihalomethanes (THMs) and HANs respectively. After 4 hours chlorination of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa under the dose range of 0.5 to $10mg\;Cl_2/L$, the concentration of intracellular microcystins decreased, but dissolved dissolved microcystins concentration increased with the treatment of more than $3mg\;Cl_2/L$. However the total amount of microcystins was almost constant even at $10mg\;Cl_2/L$ of chlorination. To conclude, our results indicate that the chlorination causes algal cell lysis and release of intracellular microcystins in the intact form to surrounding waters.

• 생태와환경
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.400-408
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• 2010

수화가 발생한 영천댐과 안계댐에서 분리한 Microcystis (M. aeruginosa, M. ichthyoblabe, M. viridis) 3종의 온도 및 조도에 대한 성장률과 microcystins 생성 특성을 알아보기 위해 배양실험을 실시하였다. 성장률은 3종 모두 $30^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 최고값을 나타내었으나 microcystins은 $20^{\circ}C$에서 최대로 생성되었으며, 온도가 증가할수록 microcystins 생성은 감소하였다. Microcystis aeruginosa와 M. ichthyoblabe은 $70\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$의 광 조건에서 최대성장률을 나타낸 반면, M. viridis은 $35\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$의 광 조건에서 최대성장률을 나타내었다. Microcystis aeruginosa, M. ichthyoblabe 및 M. viridis는 각각 $120\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, $70\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ 그리고 $35\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$의 광 조건에서 최대의 microcystins를 생성하였다. 온도와 조도에 대한 이들 3종의 microcystins 생성정도와 microcystins 타입은 종간에 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내는 종 특이성을 보였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.597-605
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• 2009

Algae bloom occurred in reservoir in summer can cause taste and odor in water and disturb the flocculation and sedimentation processes in water treatment plant and cause sand filter plugging. It was also reported that microcystins, anatoxin and saxitoxin released from cyanobacteria had acute toxic effects on liver and nervous system. For these reasons, many advanced countries inclusive of WHO set the guideline for these toxins and cyanotoxins have been managed with regular monitoring in Korea as well. However, complex sample preparation steps such as a solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization are required with an existing analysis method with HPLC. We needed to improve an analysis method for low extraction efficiency and long sample preparation time. In this study, we have established a new LC/MS/MS method which can simultaneously determine 6 cyanotoxins (Microcystins-LR, Microcystins-RR, Microcystins-YR, Anatoxin-a, Saxitoxin, Neosaxitoxin) with only simple filtration step. When $75{\mu}L$ filterated sample was injected onto the LC-MS/MS, the recovery ranged from 86% to 112% and the MDL was $0.025{\sim}0.581{\mu}g/L$. We can make the MDL be lower than the guideline ($1{\sim}3{\mu}g/L$) of advanced countries with simple preparation.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2000

Environmental biosensors and related techniques for monitoring organochlorines, endocrine disrupting chemicals and cyanobacterial toxins are described. The practical requirements for an ideal environmental biosensor are analyzed. Specific case studies for environmental applications are reported for triazines, chlorinated phenols, PCBs, microcystins, and endocrine disrupting chemicals. A new promising approach is reported for microcystins and alkylphenols that utilize electrooptical detection.

• 생태와환경
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2016

Cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems have been investigated by many researchers worldwide. Cyanotoxins can be classified according to toxicity as neurotoxins (anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), saxitoxins) or hepatotoxins (microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin). Microcystins are generally present within cyanobacterial cells and are released by damage to the cell membrane. Cyanotoxins have been reported to cause adverse effects and to accumulate in aquatic organisms in lakes, rivers and oceans. Possible pathways of microcystins in Lake Suwa, Japan, have been investigated from five perspectives: production, adsorption, physiochemical decomposition, bioaccumulation and biodegradation. In this study, temporal variability in microcystins in Lake Suwa were investigated over 25 years (1991~2015). In nature, microcystins are removed by biodegradation of microorganisms and/or feeding of predators. However, during water treatment, the use of copper sulfate to remove algal cells causes extraction of a mess of microcystins. Cyanotoxins are removed by physical, chemical and biological methods, and the reduction of nutrients inflow is a basic method to prevent cyanobacterial bloom formation. However, this method is not effective for eutrophic lakes because nutrients are already present. The presence of a cyanotoxins can be a potential threat and therefore must be considered during water treatment. A complete understanding of the mechanism of cyanotoxins degradation in the ecosystem requires more intensive study, including a quantitative enumeration of cyanotoxin degrading microbes. This should be done in conjunction with an investigation of the microbial ecological mechanism of cyanobacteria degradation.

• 생태와환경
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2011

This study was purposed to develop an effective LC/MS/MS method for simultaneously determining five pre-treated cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, microcystins-RR, -YR, -LR and -LA) of cyanobacteria blooms. Cyanobacterial bloom samples were collected from 11 major lakes and three downstream areas of river around Korea during 2005~2009. Cyanotoxins were identified in 38 samples from the lakes. The validity of the method was evaluated and the recovery rates were found ranging from 83~87%. The MDL turned out to be $0.046\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for anatoxin-a and $0.066\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for microcystins (RR, YR, LR and LA), which indicates that the method has high sensitivity and accuracy. The most dominant genus of the cyanobacterial blooms was Microcystis, which accounted for 71% of the analysed samples. Microcystis also contained the largest amount of microcystins ($398.5\;{\mu}g\;gDW^{-1}$) among the analyzed cyanobacteria. The analysis of the five cyanotoxins showed that anatoxin-a ranged between $0{\sim}41.833\;{\mu}g\;gDW^{-1}$ and microcystins ranged between $6.311{\sim}2,148.786\;{\mu}g\;gDW^{-1}$. Among the microcystins, micocystin-RR took up 58.3%, the largest portion. Anatoxin-a was found to account for 77.8% of the samples. This study has its significance in that it allowed the establishment of toxin criteria appropriate for the Korean water systems. Further studies may be necessary to conduct for improving water treatment methods.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2001

남조류독소, 마이크로시스틴을 초임계유체추출을 이용하여 추출하는 새로운 분석법이 개발되었다. 이 연구에서 사용된 마이크로시스틴들은 초임계 유체 CO$_2$에는 거의 녹지 않지만 90% CO$_2$, 9.0% 메탄올, 1.0% 물로 된 혼합유체를 사용한 결과 성공적으로 추출할 수 있었다. 이 연구에서 사용된 초임계 유체 추출법은 고체상추출법보다 많은 장점들을 가지고 있다. 우선 시료처리단계가 줄어들고, 시료의 손실이 적으며, 분석시간을 단축시킬 수 있다는 장점들이 있다. 또한 전처리 단계가 생략된다는 장점도 있다. ODS 카트리지를 사용하는 고체상 추출법에서 ODS 카트리지가 마이크로시스턴에 대한 흡착력이 떨어지기 때문에 좀 더 극성이 있는 CN 카트리지에 주입시켰다. CN 카트리지는 물 5mL, 0.5 M 아세트산 5mL, 5% 아세트니트릴 5mL로 빗은 후 70% 아세트니릴로 최종용리시킨 후 HPLC로 분리하였다. CN 카트리지를 사용하였을 때 ODS 카트리지보다 더 좋은 회수율과 크로마토그램을 보여주었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2001

Microcystin-LR, -YR 및 -RR과 같은 독성 microcystin의 분석에 있어서 정확성을 높이기 우해 고상 추출을 통한 micro-HPLC/IS/MS를 사용하였다. 이러한 microcystin-LR, -YR, -RR를 확인하는데 HPLC/UV로는 238nm에서의 흡광도를 측정하였고, 질량스펙트럼에서는 1 35m/z 및 $[M+H]^+$m/z의 특성 피이크만을 검출하여 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이중 전하에 해당하는 새로운 선들이 LR에서는 507m/z, PR에서는m/z, YR에서는 532m/z에서 추가로 검출되었다. 이 방법을 사용하여 대청호에서 독성 microcystin의 존재성을 조사하였다.