• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.12 no.S1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2003

Micro-arc discharge oxidation (MDO) is a cost-effective plasma electrolytic process which can be used to improve the wear and corrosion resistance of Al-alloy parts by forming a alumina coating on the component surface. However, the MDO coated Al-alloy components often exhibit relatively high friction coefficients and low wear resistance fitted with many counterface materials, additionally, the pitting corrosion for the MDO coated AI-alloy components, especially for a thinner alumina coating, often occurs in atmosphere circumstance due to the porous alumina coats. Therefore, a duplex treatment, combining a MDO coated ahumina thin layer with a TiN coating, prepared by magnetron sputtering (MS), has been investigated. The Vicker's microhardness, pin-on-disc, electrochemical measurement, salt spray, XRD and SEM tests were used to characterize and analyze the treated samples. The work demonstrates that the MDO/MS coated samples have a combination of a very low friction coefficient and good wear resistance as well as corrosion since the micro-holes on alumina coating are partly or fully covered by TiN material.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.134-140
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• 2009

The feasibility of electrochemical drilling and milling on stainless steel are investigated using tungsten microelectrode with $10{\mu}m$ in diameter. For the development of environmentally friendly and safe electrochemical process, citric acid solution is used as electrolyte. A few hundred nanoseconds duration pulses are applied between the microelectrode and work material for dissolution localization. Tool fracture by Joule heating, micro welding, capillary phenomenon, tool wandering by the generated bubbles are observed and their effects on micro ECM are discussed. Occasionally, complex textures including micro pitting corrosion marks appeared on the hole inner surface. Metal growth is also observed under the weak electric conditions and it hinders further dissolutions for workpiece penetration. By adjusting appropriate pulse and chemical conditions, micro holes of $37{\mu}m$ in diameter with $100{\mu}m$ in depth and 26Jim in diameter with $50{\mu}m$ in depth are drilled on stainless steel 304. Also, micro grooves with $18{\mu}m$ width and complex micro hand pattern are machined by electrochemical milling.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.60-64
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• 2011

Lean duplex stainless steels have been developed in Korea for the purpose of being used in the seawater systems of industry. There are also many important seawater systems in nuclear power plants. These systems supply seawater to cooling water condenser tubes, heat exchanger tubes, related pipes and chlorine injection systems. The flow velocity of some part of seawater systems in nuclear power plants is high and damages of components from corrosion are severe. The considered lean duplex stainless steels are STS329LD (20.3Cr-2.2Ni-1.4Mo) and STS329J3L (22.4Cr-5.7Ni-3Mo) and PRENs of them are 29.4 and 37.3 respectively. Physical, mechanical and micro-structural properties of them are evaluated, and electrochemical corrosion resistance is measured quantitatively in NaCl solution. Critical Pitting Temperatures (CPT)s are measured on these alloys and pit depths are evaluated using laser microscope. Long period field tests on these alloys are now being performed, and some results are going to be presented in the following study.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.224-230
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• 2020

Stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance. The drawback is that pitting occurs easily due to the concentration of chloride. In addition, corrosion of socket weld, which is structurally and chemically weaker than the other components of the pipe, occurs rapidly. Since these two phenomena overlap, pinhole leakage occurs frequently in the seawater pipe socket welds made of stainless steel at the power plants. To analyze this specific corrosion, a metallurgical analysis of the stainless steel socket welds, where the actual corrosion occurred during the power plant operation, was performed. The micro-structure and chemical composition of each socket weld were analyzed. In addition, selective corrosion of the specific micro-structure in a mixed dendrite structure comprising γ-austenite (gamma-phase iron) and δ-ferrite (iron at high temperature) was investigated based on the characteristic micro-morphology and chemical composition of the corroded area. Finally, the different corrosion stages and characteristics of socket weld corrosion are summarized.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 1995

고에너지(50-200KeV)로 가속된 이온을 모재표면에 물리적으로 투입하므로써 표면의 조성 및 조직을 변화시키는 공정인 이온주입기술을 이용하여 경량고강도소재로 각광받고 있는 AI2218 합금의 재식성 향상을 연구하였다. 질소이온주입은 DuoPIGatron 이온원을 사용하여 가속전압 100KeV, 조사량 $1{\times}10^{17}ions/\textrm{cm}^2$~$5{\times}10^{17}ions/\textrm{cm}^2$의 조건으로 행하였으며 AI합금의 열화를 방지하기 위하여 시편온도를 $60^{\circ}C$이하로 유지하였다. 질소이온 주입재의 재식성 평가를 위하여 3.5% NaCI 용액에서 양극분극시험 및 5% NaCI 용액에서 염수분무시험을 행하였다. Auger Electron Spectroscopy와 Transmission Electron Microscopy을 이용하여 표면의 질화물형성 여부를 조사하였으며, Scanning Electron Microscopy을 이용하여 부식된 표면을 관찰하였다. AI2218합금에 질소이온을 주입한 결과 표면에 미세한 AIN 석출물을 형성하였으며 이러한 질화물형성에 의해 공식(pitting)발생을 억제하고 부식전류밀도를 감소시켜 내식성이 향상되었다.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.144-154
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• 1997

Effects of plasma nitriding on the surface charcteristice of stainless steel(SS) were investjgated by utilizing wear tester, micro-hardness tester and potentiostat. The surface and corrosion morphology of plasma nitrided SS were analyzed by utilizing optical microscopy, SEM, XRD and WDX. It was found that plasma nitriding at $550^{\circ}C$, compared with $380^{\circ}C$, prodiced a good wear resistance and hardness as nitriding time increased, whereas Mo addition showd that were resistance and hardness decreased. Intergranular corrosion(IGC) resistance improved significantly in the case of plasma nirtrided SS containing 4.05wt% Mo at $380^{\circ}C$ because that nitrogen and Mo ast syner gidically to form a protective layer on surface which is responsible for the aggresive SCN-ion. Plasma nitrided at $550^{\circ}C$ decreased IGC as Mo content increased. Pitting improved in the plasma nitirided SS at Mo content incresased owing to retard a nucleation and growth of chromium carbide or nitirde in grain boundary.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2023

The use of biogas is an industrially necessary means to achieve resource circulation. However, since biogas obtained from waste frequently causes corrosion in pipes, it is important to elucidate corrosion mechanisms of the pipes used for biogas transportation. Recently, corrosion failure occurred in a pipe which supplied for the biogas at the speed of 12.5 m/s. Pinholes and pits were found in a straight line along the seamline of the pipe. By using corrosion-damaged samples, residual thickness, microstructure, and composition of oxide film and inclusion were examined to analyze the cause of the failure. It was revealed that the thickness reduction of biogas pipe was ~0.11 mm per year. A thin sulfuric acid film was formed on the surface of the interior of a pipe due to moisture and hydrogen sulfide contained in a biogas. Near the seamline, microstructure was heterogeneous and manganese sulfide (MnS) was found. Pits were generated by micro-galvanic corrosion between the manganese sulfide and the matrix in the interior of the pipe along the seamline. In addition, microcracks formed along the grain boundaries beneath the pits revealed that hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) also contributed to accelerating the pitting corrosion.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.70-77
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• 2000

In this paper, the effect of solution and age heat treatment to the corrosion behavior for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were studied by cyclic polarization methods. Ti-6Al-4V was solution heat treated at $1,066^{\circ}C$ and $966^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours, and followed by age heat treated at $650^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$ with 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours under vacuum environment. Test solution was 3.5% NaCl with temperature $25^{\circ}C$. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Base metal was exhibited higher electrical charge than that of solution and aged material. With decrease of solution-treatment temperature from 1066 to $966^{\circ}C$, the electrical charge was increased due to softening of micro structure. 2. The corrosion resistance of specimen that solution treated at $966^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours and age heat treated at 650, 660 and $550^{\circ}C$ were increased with increase of aging time to 4, 8 and 16 hours respectively, and then decreased. 3. In case of 316L stainless steel, measured charge and corrosion potential was 0.0627 coulomb and -614 mV respectively. Corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V was higher than that of 316L.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.260-265
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• 2003

The experimental methods to rapidly and stably reproduce Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC) of stainless steel by sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio vulgaris were developed. In this study, using two types of stainless steel, 304 and 444, obtained from Pohang Steel & Iron Co., Ltd. (POSCO)., three major factors were tested; overall medium composition, dilution ratio, and chloride concentration. In the overall medium tests, three different media were prepared according to $FeSO_4$ concentration; PM (original Postgate's medium No. 2), MPM 1 (modified PM, no $FeSO_4$, MPM 2 (modified PM, 1/10 $FeSO_4$). The effects of various dilution ratios (3, 1, 1/3, 1/10, 1/30, and 1/100 times) and chloride concentrations (0.0067M, 0.01M, 0.05M, and 0.1M) were examined during 2 months cultivation. Through SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) observation, the diluted and modified media, particularly the $1/3{\times}MPM$ I medium, showed more micro-pitting points on surfaces compared to the original PM medium. High concentrations of chloride ions (above 0.05M) were not adequate for observation of MIC since those brought about non-microbiologically induced corrosion. From this study, the optimization of medium composition was very effective to routinely observe MIC in a laboratory system.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.310-317
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• 2020

This study investigated the damage to the specimen due to liquid droplet impingement erosion corrosion, which improved the corrosion resistance and durability via hard anodization of 5083-H321 aluminum alloy, which is widely used for small ships and marine structures. The experiment combined liquid droplet impingement erosion and electrochemical equipment with the flow rates in natural seawater solution. Subsequently, Tafel extrapolation of polarization curves was performed to evaluate damage due to the liquid droplet impingement erosion corrosion. The damaged surface was observed using a 3D microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The degree of pitting damage was measured using the Image J program, and the surface hardness was measured using the micro-Vickers hardness tester. The corrosion current density, area, depth, and ratio of the damaged areas increased with the increase in flow rate. The grain size of the damaged area at a flow rate of 20 m s-1 showed fewer and minor differences in height, and a smooth curved shape. The hardness of the damaged surface tended to decrease with increase in flow rate.