• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.328-333
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• 1999

Susceptibility of 61 strains of Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole was examined by both the disk diffusion method using a cut-off of 15㎜ for resistance and the E test with a cut-off of 8㎎/l. The MIC/sub 50/ and MIC/sub 90/ by the E test were 2 ㎎/l and 256㎎/l, respectively. Metronidazole resistance was found in 22 (36％) out of the 61 H. pylori strains by the E test and in three additional strains by the disk diffusion method. Amongst the latter three isolates, the MICs by the E test were 4 ㎎/l, 6㎎/l, and 6㎎/l, respectively. These figures are one log₂ or half log₂ dilution lower than the cut-off of 8㎎/l recommended as resistance for the E test. All 22 metronidazole resistant H. pylori isolates by the E test that were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting showed different DNA fingerprints. Interestingly, >90％ of resistant isolates possess two common DNA bands of 0.4 and 0.9 kb. This study demonstrates that the results of the disk diffusion method for testing H. pylori susceptibility to metronidazole correlates well with that of the E test. The criteria for interpretation need to be internationally standardized so that the results from different centers can be compared.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.335-347
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• 2000

치주질환의 진행에 따른 치주조직파괴에 있어 치주조직내 다양한 세포외기질성분을 분해하는 matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3)는 염증반응에 관여하는 세포들로부터 분비된 interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$)에 의해 유도될 수 있다. 이전 연구에서 치주인대세포에서의 MMP-3 생성이 tetracycline 및 tetracycline 유도체에 의하여 억제될 수 있음이 보고되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 metronidazole 및 doxycycline-HCl을 적용한 후 치은섬유아세포에 IL $1{\beta}$를 적용하여 MMP-3의 생성을 유도한 후 이들 약물들이 치은섬유아세포의 MMP-3 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 건강한 성인으로부터 치주질환이 이환되지않은 상악 제2대구치 후방의 건강한 치은결합 조직을 절취하여 치은섬유아세포를 배양한 후 다양한 농도의 metronidazole (10-$200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) 및 doxycyline-HCl(10-$200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$)을 각각 적용하여 1시간 배양하고 proMMP-3의 활성화를 유도하기 위하여 25ng/ml의 IL-$1{\beta}$을 투여한 후 24시간 배양하여 배양된 세포의 상층 배양액을 추출하고 proMMP-3 ELISA kit를 이용하여 비색정량하였다. 비색정량을 통하여 얻어진 자료들은 독립 t-test와 일원분산분석(ANOVA) 및 사후검정으로 Duncan test를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Metronidazole 경우 10-$200{\mu}g/ml$의 모든 농도군에서 proMMP-3의 활성도가 억제되었다(p<0.05). 2. Doxycycline-HCl의 경우 $100{\mu}g/ml$ 이하의 농도군에서는 proMMP-3의 활성도가 억제되었으나(p<0.05), $200{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서는 proMMP-3의 활성도가 상승되었다(p<0.05). 3. Metronidazole과 doxycycline-HCl의 대조군에 대한 각 실험농도군의 proMMP-3 생성의 감소비율 비교시 모든 농도군에서 metronidazole이 doxycycline-HCl보다 더 높은 감소율을 보였다. 이상과 같은 결과는 metronidazole(10-$200{\mu}g/ml$)이 doxycycline-HCl($100{\mu}g/ml$ 이하) 보다 더 광범위한 혈중농도에서 IL-$1{\beta}$의한 인체치은섬유아세포내 MMP-3의 활성도를 효과적으로 억제할 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2017

Purpose: Clinical symptoms associated with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) can vary widely. Carrier state without apparent symptoms is relatively common during infancy. The objective of this study was to determine the association of C. difficile colonization with bowel habit change and the effect of C. difficile colonization treatment on restoration of normal bowel habit. Methods: Between 2006 and 2014, infants at 1 to 12 months of age with diarrhea for more than 2 weeks who did not improve with conservative care were recruited from Gachon University Gil Medical Center. Infants who were followed up for at least 7 days were included. The presence or absence of C. difficile colonization, effect of metronidazole, and other medical records were reviewed. To determine the association between CDI and bowel habit change, logistic regression analysis was used. Results: Of a total of 126 infants, 74 (58.7%) were male patients. Of the 126 patients, 27 (21.4%) had C. difficile colonization. Significant (p<0.05) risk factors for C. difficile colonization included artificial milk feeding (odds ratio [OR], 4.310; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.564-11.878), prior rotavirus vaccination (OR, 4.322; 95% CI, 1.018-18.349), and antibiotic use (OR, 4.798; 95% CI, 1.430-16.101). There was improvement in bowel habit after metronidazole therapy (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.79; p<0.05), regardless of the presence or absence of C. difficile colonization, Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between bowel habit change and C. difficile colonization during infancy. However, metronidazole can be used as an optional method to manage functional gastrointestinal disorders.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.765-775
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• 2001

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of surgical therapy combined with the usage of metronidazole gel in the treatment of juvenile periodontitis by comparing clinical indices of flap operation along with application of metronidazole gel and flap operation only. Comparing clinical indices of the baseline, 3 months after surgery, 6 months after surgery statistically, the results are as follows; 1. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was decreased significantly both in the experimental group and the control group at 3 months after surgery (p<0.05). BOP increased 0.9% in the control group 6 months after surgery, while in the experimental group, decreased 4.7% (p>0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in these groups (p>0.05). 2. Pocket probing depth (PPD) was decreased significantly both in the experimental group and the control group at 3 months after surgery (p<0.05). PPD increased 0.lmm in the control group 6 months after surgery, while in the experimental group, no increase of the depth could be observed (p>0.05). However, there was no statistically significant and difference in these groups (p>0.05). 3. Loss of attachment level(LOA) was decreased significantly both in the experimental group and the control group at 3 months after surgery (p<0.05). LOA increased 0.2mm in the control group 6 months after surgery, while in the experimental group, increased 0.3mm However, there was no statistically significant difference in these groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, flap operation was effective on the treatment of juvenile periodontitis. However, combined therapy of metronidazole gel could not give rise to any significant adjunctive effect on the treatment outcome.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.165-168
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• 2009

Postantibiotic effect (PAE) is defined as the length of time that bacterial growth is suppressed following brief exposure to an antibiotic. In this study, the in vitro PAE, postantibiotic sub-MIC effect (PA SME) and sub-MIC effect (SME) of antibiotics on Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 were investigated. The PAE of doxycycline and metronidazole were 20.3 h and 25.0 h, respectively. The PA SMEs examined by addition of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3X MICs during the postantibiotic phase of the bacteria for metronidazole were longer than those for doxycycline. In contrast, the SMEs for doxycycline were longer than those for metronidazole. The PA-SME and SME values increased as the concentration of antibiotics increased. The present study illustrates the existence of PAE, PA-SME and SME for several antibiotics against T. denticola, thereby extending the pharmacodynamic advantages of these antibiotics.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2014

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of antibiotics that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism. It has been reported that sub-MIC of antibiotics may result in morphological alterations along with biochemical and physiological changes in bacteria. The purpose of this study was to examine morphological changes of periodontal pathogens after treatment with sub-MIC antibiotics. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used in this study. The MIC for amoxicillin, doxycycline, metronidazole, penicillin, and tetracycline were determined by broth dilution method. The bacterial morphology was observed with bright field microscope after incubating with sub-MIC antibiotics. The length of A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum were increased after incubation with metronidazole; penicillin and amoxicillin. P. gingivalis were increased after incubating with metronidazole and penicillin. However, F. nucleatum showed decreased length after incubation with doxycycline and tetracycline. In this study, we observed that sub-MIC antibiotics can affect the morphology of periodontal pathogens.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

Purpose: The antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori is one of the critical factors in failure of eradication therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori in Korean children. Methods: Gastric mucosal specimens for H. pylori were obtained from children with dyspepsia who were cared for at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital in Seoul, Korea between 2003 and 2009. Antimicrobial resistance tests were performed using the disk diffusion method for clarithromycin and amoxicillin and the E-test for metronidazole and tetracycline. Most children with H. pylori infections were treated using triple therapies. Results: Thirty-three children had positive H. pylori cultures, although a resistance test was only performed in 28 patients. Resistant strains were found in 9 children (32.1%). The resistance rates to clarithromycin and metronidazole were 25% and 17.8%, respectively. There was no resistance to amoxicillin or tetracycline. The resistance rates decreased from 44.4% (2003~2006) to 26.3% (2006~2009) during the study period. Conclusion: Korean children demonstrated relatively high antimicrobial resistance to H. pylori in this study. However, there was a temporarily decreasing trend during the study period. A larger multi-regional study may be needed to determine the optimal antimicrobial treatment for pediatric patients infected with H. pylori.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.151-158
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• 1976

Using Ames'Salmonella/microsome system, mutagenicity of antirichomonal nitrofuran, nitroimidazole, and nitrothiazole derivatives was examined. Nitrofurantoin, nifuratel, furazolidone, metronidazole, nimorazole, ornidazole, and aminitrozole showed potent mutagenicity en $TA_100$ strain which is a base substitute mutant and contains R-factor plasmid pKM101 without microsomal enzyme activation. In addition, nifuratel, furazolidone, metronidazole, and ornidazole also induced frameshift mutation in $TA_98$ strain.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2016

Periodontitis is disease of damaged gum tissue that is not removed the plaque onto teeth. In case that the symptoms of disease get pain worse, it will have to extract tooth because of tumefy or bleeding at gums so treatment of drug was required to periodontitis. In this study, the hydrogel was prepared by including superior viscous, excellent elastic, and biocompatibility of Poly(vinyl alcohol, PVA) and antimicrobial drug of Metronidazole (MD). The 15 wt% PVA was dissolved in deionized water and then prepared PVA solution was irradiated using gamma-ray at 25 kGy ($10kGy\;hr^{-1}$). In addition, PVA hydrogel was immersed in each 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt% MD solution using stirrer for 24 hr. The result of the gelation, 0.5 wt% MD loaded PVA hydrogel(76%) was lower than PVA hydrogel (88.2%). The swelling ration of 0.5 wt% MD loaded PVA hydrogel (294.8%) was higher than PVA hydrogel (105.2%). The compressive strength and thermal properties of MD loaded PVA hydrogel was gradually lower. The drug release test of 0.5 wt% MD loaded PVA hydrogel (61%) was higher than 0.1 wt% MD loaded PVA hydrogel (12%). Therefore, MD loaded PVA hygrogel may be a promising tool for periodontitis medicine by gamma-ray.

• CELLMED
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• v.13 no.14
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• pp.18.1-18.13
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• 2023

Background and objectives: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is recognized as the most prevalent type of vaginal infection, impacting approximately 19-24% of women in their reproductive years. The recurrence rate of BV is significant, negatively impacting the well-being of affected women. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of a polyherbal Unani formulation and metronidazole in treating bacterial vaginosis. Methodology: In this prospective patient blinded standard controlled trial, a total of 40 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis were randomly assigned to receive either an active control treatment (n = 20) or a test drug (n = 20). In the test drug combination of Acacia catechu, Azadirachta indica and Quercus infectoria in tablet (1g) form in the dose of 2 tablets orally twice daily with water was administered for 3 weeks. In the active control standard drug, metronidazole 400 mg tablet, orally twice daily was given for one week. The primary outcome measure was clinical cure; H. negative Amsel's criteria and a reduction in subjective symptoms, while the secondary outcome measure was an improvement in SF-36 quality of life (QOL). Results and conclusion: Both the experimental treatment and the metronidazole demonstrated a significant clinical cure for bacterial vaginosis as well as an increase in health-related quality of life. Based on these findings, it appears that the test medication is a potent Unani formulation for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. A well conducted trial with a bigger sample size is required to corroborate these findings.