• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2016

The aerial part of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. (Cucurbitaceae), has long been used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicines for the treatment of heatstroke. We isolated and identified three flavones, luteolin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside(1), luteolin-4'-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside(2), luteolin(3) from its methanolic extract. In the present study, we found that luteolin attenuates the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Luteolin significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ in BV2 microglia in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxic effect. Luteolin dose-dependently suppressed the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2). In addition, luteolin also showed significant induction of heme oxygenase(HO)-1. These results suggest that both the aerial part of T. kirilowii and luteolin may be good candidates to regulate LPS-induced inflammatory response.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.124-128
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to elucidate nitrite scavenger derived from seeds of Cassia tora L. Methanolic extract of Cassia tora L was refractionated into ethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water farction, and nitrite scavenging abilities of these fractions were investigated. Among these fractions, ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest nitrite scavenging ability(97%/2 mg). Therefore, to further investigate nitrite scavenger, ethyl acetate fraction was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography with a chloroform-methanol($10:0{\sim}0:10$) and then compound A and B were isolated. Compound A had a stronger nitrite-scavenging effect than compound B. Therefore the further separation of compound A was carried out by HPLC(32% acetonitrile. 1 ml/min) using ${\mu}Bondapak$C18 column$(3.9{\times}300 mm)$ and finally compound A-1 was obtained from compound A. Compound A-1 had by far nitrite-scavenging ability as compared with that of ascorbic acid. Compound A-1 was identified as $nor-rubrofusarin-6-{\beta}-mono-D-glucoside$ from the profiles of UV, IR and $^1H-NMR$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1114-1117
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• 2005

The effects of far-infrared (FIR) irradiation and heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from peanut shells was evaluated. Peanut shells were placed in pyrex petri dishes (8.0cm diameter) and irradiated at $150^{\circ}C$ for 5, 10, 15, 20, 40 or 60min with a FIR heater. After FIR irradiation or simple heat treatment at same conditions, methanol extracts of peanut shells were prepared and total phenol contents (TPC), radical scavenging activities (RSA) and reducing powers of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of the extracts increased as the time of heating or FIR-irradiation increased. When peanut shells were FIR­irradiated at $150^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, the values of TPC, RSA, and reducing power of the extracts increased from 40.17mg/mL to 42.30mg/mL, $67.7\%\;to\;76.3\%$, and 0.569 to 0.639, respectively, compared to the untreated controls. Simple heat treatment of peanut shell under the same conditions $(150^{\circ}C\;for\;5min)$ also increased the TPC, RSA, and reducing power of the extracts from 40.17mg/mL to 43.52mg/mL, 67.7\%\;to\;79.3\%$ and from 0.569 to 0.623, respectively. The results indicate that appropriate FIR-irradiation or heat treatment on peanut shells could increase the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.447-451
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• 2012

In order to investigate the efficacies for cognitive function of edible plants, we measured the inhibitory effects of acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activity, radical scavenging activities, and the contents of GABA and glutamate in the plant extracts. Among the plant extracts, Schizandra chinensis contained the highest GABA 14.8 mg/g and the extracts of Cnidium officinale and Polygonum multiflorum also had a relatively high GABA. On the other hand, plant extracts except, Acorus gramineus, showed similar glutamate contents. S. chinensis, Hovenia dulcis, Thuja orientalis, and Eleutherococcus senticosus exhibited high inhibition against AChE activities at about 18-33% at 1 mg/mL. In addition, strong radical scavenging activities were also detected in those extracts which showed high AChE inhibition. Taken together, H. dulcis, T. orientalis, E. senticosus, and S. chinensis could be effective resources for enhancing cognitive function. Further, it was suggested that the AChE inhibitory activities of plant extracts might be related to antioxidative activity.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2021

This study investigated the acaricidal and repellent activities of various plant extracts and Cnidium officinale-derived materials against Haemaphysalis longicornis. Among the 24 methanolic plant extracts, C. officinale showed the highest acaricidal activity (93.3%) against H. longicornis. Platycodon grandiflorus, Phytolacca americana, Magnolia denudata, Houttuynia cordata, C. officinale, and Pueraria montana showed significant differences in their repellent activity. Consequently, the activity of solvent-fractionated materials and the derived material of the C. officinale, was investigated and a 90% acaricidal effect was observed three days after hexane fraction treatment, indicating that the repellent response was statistically significant. Butylidenephthalide, which is a C. officinale-derived compound, showed 90% acaricidal activity seven days after treatment. Additionally, all H. longicornis moved to the untreated area in the t-tube olfactometer experiment, confirming the repellent activity of butylidenephthalide. Therefore, the results of this study suggest the use of C. officinale crude extract and butylidenephthalide as potent acaricidals and repellents against H. longicornis, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2023

Yellowball (Citrus hybrid cv. Yellowball ) is a new citrus hybrid between Haruka (C. tamurana × natsudaidai ) and Kiyomi (C. unshiu × sinensis) and is known to possess strong antioxidant activity. However, detailed information on the antioxidant components of its peel has not yet been reported. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the peel and identified the antioxidant components by fractionating a methanolic extract of Yellowball peels using liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, ethyl ether (ether), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol, and water. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the n-hexane, ether, and EA fractions were higher than those of the other fractions, and these fractions were further separated by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four antioxidant peaks, EA1, EA2, EA3, and He1, were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time- of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS). Sinapoyl glucoside and hesperidin were identified in EA2 and EA3, respectively, and a polymethoxylated flavone (PMF) complex (5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, natsudaidain, tetrameth- oxyflavone, and tangeretin) was identified in He1. A compound in EA1 with m/z 223.0246 [M-H] could not be identified and was named unknown2. The antioxidant activity of unknown2 (IC₅₀=69.17 ㎍/mL) was similar to that of Trolox, which was noted as a major antioxidant in Yellowball peel. Further studies on the antioxidant capacity of Yellowball peel are required; however, these results provide a foundation for using Yellowball peel as an antioxidant.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2016

Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (P. densiflora) contains several phenolic compounds that exhibit biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of P. densiflora on skin has rarely been reported. Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) is a commensal microbe that induces skin inflammation and is associated with several chronic disorders, such as dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, papillomatosis, and sepsis. The aim of our study was to identify the anti-inflammatory effects of P. densiflora needle extracts on skin health subjected to M. furfur-induced inflammation. The methanolic extract of the pine needles was partitioned into n-hexane, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and water layers. We measured the anti-inflammatory effects (in macrophages) as well as the antioxidant, antifungal, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of each of these layers. The antioxidant activity of the individual layers was in the order EtOAc layer > n-BuOH layer > water layer. Only the n-BuOH, EtOAc, and n-hexane layers showed antifungal activity. Additionally, all the layers possessed tyrosinase inhibition activity similar to that of ascorbic acid, which is used as a commercial control. The EtOAc layer was not cytotoxic toward the RAW 264.7 cell line. Interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression levels in M. furfur-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with the EtOAc layer were decreased markedly compared to those in cells treated with the other layers. Taken together, we believe that the needle extracts of P. densiflora have potential application as alternative anti-inflammatory agents or cosmetic material for skin health improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2011

We evaluated the antioxidant compounds and activity of the methanolic extracts of foxtail millet (FM), proso millet (PM), and sorghum (SG) using different pulverizing methods (pin mill and ultra fine). The particle size of the FM, PM, and SG were 102.12, 89.52, and $102.25\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the pin mill pulverizer. The sizes were 9.43, 9.52, and $10.18\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the ultra fine pulverizer. There was no difference in moisture, crude fat, ash, or protein content between the two different pulverizing methods. The total ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content of the FM using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 116.07 and $145.30\;{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The total polyphenol content of the SG using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 14.58 and 15.03 mg/g extract residue, respectively. There was no difference in total flavonoid or tannin content of the methanol extracts between the two different pulverizing methods. The major phenolic compounds in FM were pyrogallol, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin; in PM, they were pyrogallol, rutin, gallic acid, kaempfrol, and salicylic acid; in SG, they were (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, myricetin, hesperidin and chlorogenic acid. SG had a higher radical scavenging activity than FM or PM extracts. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the SG extracts using the ultra fine pulverizer were 178.10 and 251.56 mg TE/g extract residue, respectively. We noted a significant correlation between free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic compound.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.989-997
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• 2013

In this study, based on the antioxidative effects in organic solvent fractions obtained from the main methanolic extract of L. japonica, the protective cellular effects and gene expression patterns of ethyl acetate fractions on $H_2O_2$-induced Raw 264.7 cell death ($IC_{50}$) were analyzed. The antioxidant activity of the fractions measured using DPPH free radical scavenging activity increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the $ED_{50}$ exhibited the highest $39.56{\mu}g/ml$ in the ethyl acetate fraction. In addition, the ethyl acetate fractions' cell viability on $H_2O_2$-induced Raw 264.7 cell damage increased in a concentration-dependent manner, showed a visible cell survival rate of 82.49% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. The gene expression patterns related to the ethyl acetate fractions' cytoprotective effect in $H_2O_2$-induced Raw 264.7 cell damage presented similar patterns to those of BHA. In comparative analysis for antioxidant activity-related genes affected by ethyl acetate fractions and BHA in $H_2O_2$-induced Raw 264.7 cells, both ethyl acetate fractions and BHA showed very similar gene expression patterns, but the gene expression level of the heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) gene making antioxidant enzymes in cells was four times higher in ethyl acetate fractions than BHA. In inflammation-related genes in $H_2O_2$induced Raw 264.7 cells, the T-box transcription factor (Tbx21) gene was expressed about two times more frequently in the ethyl acetate fraction treatment group, while it was expressed half as frequently in the BHA treatment group.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.138-143
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• 2003

Total methanolic extract of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. var. spatiosum (Compositae) was revealed to have anti-hepatotoxic activity against galactosamine-induced toxicity on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. After successive partitioning with chloroform, n-butanol, and water, the chloroform fraction showed a significant inhibition activity of 51% at 50 ppm, compared with that of silybin, 45.9% at $100\;{\mu}M$. The chloroform fraction was subjected to silica gel column chromatography and yielded active CH-II, CH-V and CH-VI subfractions, and the anti-hepatotoxic activity of these subfractions were 47.6, 56.3, and 23.2%, respectively, at 50 ppm. Total glutathione contents of CH-II, CH-V, and CH-VI increased by 49.8, 43.9, and 47.5% of the control, respectively at 50 ppm, whereas that of silymarin was, 59.7% at $100\;{\mu}M$ after challenged with galactosamine. The ratio of (reduced glutathione) / (total glutathione) in CH-II, CH-V and CH-VI subfraction showed similar values of $0.86{\sim}0.87$ at 50 ppm, whereas that of silymarin was, 0.85 at $100\;{\mu}M$. The incorporation of $[^3H]-uridine$ uptake into RNA was not affected by these active subfractions.