• 유기물자원화
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 표면 메탄농도와 지구통계기법(거리역산가중기법)을 기초로 표면 메탄발산량을 평가하고자 하였다. 실험결과 표면 메탄농도는 표면 메탄발산량과 높은 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타나, 표면 메탄농도를 기초로 표면 메탄발산량을 산정하는 것이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지구통계기법 적용 결과 측정 면적의 12.85%가 총 메탄발산량의 42.21%를 나타내어 챔버 방법으로 메탄발산량을 정확하게 평가하기 위해서는 지구통계기법을 반드시 적용해야 하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.344-352
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• 2007

Quantifying the methane emission from landfills is important to evaluate measures for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. To estimate methane emission for the entire landfills from 1990 through 2004 in Korea, Tier 1 and 2 methodologies were used. In addition, five different scenarios were adopted to identify the effect of important variables on methane emission. The trends of methane emission using Tier 1 were similar to the disposed waste amount. Methane emission using Tier 2 increased as the degradation of waste was gradually proceeded. This result indicates that disposed waste amount and methane generation rate are the important variables for the estimation of methane emission by Tier 1 and 2, respectively. As for the different scenarios, methane emission was highest with scenario I that the entire landfills in Korea were regarded as one landfill. Methane emissions by scenario III and IV considering different $DOC_F$ values with the waste type and different MCF values with the height of waste layer, respectively, were underestimated compared to scenario II. This result indicates that the method of scenario I employed to most previous studies may lead to the overestimation of methane emission. Therefore, more careful consideration of the variables should be needed to develop the methodologies of greenhouse gas emission in landfills along with the characteristics of disposed waste in Korea.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.867-876
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• 2013

우리나라에서 시행되고 있는 '온실가스 에너지 목표관리제'의 효율적인 운영을 통하여 실질적인 온실가스 배출을 감축하고 향후 예정되어 있는 '탄소배출권 거래제'의 원활한 추진을 위해서는 온실가스배출량의 정확한 산정이 요구된다. 폐기물부문에서 주요 온실가스배출원인 폐기물 매립시설에 대해서도 목표관리제 운영지침에서 온실가스배출량 산정방법이 제시되어 있으나 계산방법과 매개변수 등에 오차요인이 있어 적정 산정방법에 대해 검토 제안하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 메탄회수율 0.75를 기준으로 산정방법을 구분하고 그 단일값과 메탄회수량으로부터 메탄발생량을 계산하는 방법은 삭제하여 온실가스배출량 산정과정의 중복적용과 과대평가 발생요인을 해소할 필요가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 메탄발생량은 일차분해모델로 추정하고 메탄회수량은 매립시설에서 측정한 값을 사용하도록 하되 과거 메탄회수량 데이터를 확보하기 곤란한 경우에는 메탄회수량을 산정할 수 있도록 일일복토나 중간복토가 포설된 사용중 매립시설에서는 가스배제공과 간이소각 0.60, 강제포집 시스템 0.65로, 최종복토가 이루어진 사용종료 매립시설은 자연적인 포집이나 강제포집이 수행되면 0.90으로 국내 매립시설에 적합한 조건별 메탄회수율 기준값을 제시하였다. 주요 매개변수 중 분해 가능한 유기탄소 비율(DOC)과 메탄으로 전환 가능한 DOC 비율($DOC_f$)은 국내 폐기물의 조성별 특성을 반영할 수 있도록 국내 연구결과를 이용하여 기준값을 도출하여 사용할 수 있으며, 메탄보정계수(MCF)는 매립시설의 설계나 설치 등의 단순한 기준으로 판단할 수 없으므로 명확한 기준이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2021

Rice straw management and winter crop cultivation are crucial components for the accurate estimation of paddy methane emissions. Field-based extensive investigation of paddy organic matter management requires enormous efforts however it becomes more feasible as drone technology advances. The objectives of this study were to identify paddy fields of straw application and winter crop cultivation using drone images and to apply for the estimation of yearly methane emission. Total 35 sites of over 150ha in area were selected nationwide as the study areas. Drone images of the study sites were taken twice during summer and winter in 2018 through 2019: Summer images were used to identify paddy cultivation areas, while winter images for straw and winter crop practices. Drone-image-based identification results were used to estimate paddy methane emission and compared with conventional method. As the result, mean areas for paddy, straw application and winter crop cultivation were 118.9ha, 12.0ha, and 11.3ha, respectively. Overall rice straw application rate were greater in Gyeonggi-do(20%) and Chungcheongnam-do(12%), while winter crop cultivation was greatest in Gyeongsangnam-do(30%) and Jeolla-do(27%). Yearly mean methane emission was estimated to be 226.2kg CH₄/ha/yr in this study and about 32% less when compared to 331.8kg CH₄/ha/yr estimated with the conventional method. This was primarily because of the lower rice straw application rate observed in this study, which was less than quarter the rate of 55.62% used for the conventional method. This indicates the necessity to use more accurate statistics of rice straw application as well as winter crop practices into paddy methane emission estimation. Thus it is recommended to further study to link drone technology with satellite image analysis in order to identify organic management practices at a paddy field level over extensive agricultural area.

• 도시과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2020

Sudokwon landfill("Sudokwon" means regions of Seoul, Kyunggi and Incheon metropolitan cities in Korea), the world's largest sanitary landfill, has been systematically managing statistics on the incoming and dumping wastes and satisfactorily controlling pollutants including leachate and LFG. According to our long time experience of LFG field monitoring, the emission of GHG from landfill estimated by the IPCC Guideline showed much difference with our results. C&D waste has high concentration of sulfate compared to other wastes. Increased C&D waste of dumping waste had changed the COD/sulfate ratio in the landfill, which caused the increase of H₂S gas and the decrease of CH₄ gas. But the IPCC estimation method does not consider the effects of sulfate. In addition to that, the oxidation factor of the cover soil is set to the default values of 0.1 but the measured values by the field monitoring, are showing much higher than that, especially in the closed landfill.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2020

The indiscriminate growth in global population poses a threat to the world in handling and disposal of Municipal solid waste. Rapid urban growth increases the production, consumption and generation of Municipal solid waste which leads to a drastic change in the environment. The methane produced from the Municipal Solid waste accounts for up to 11% global anthropogenic emissions, which is a major cause for global warming. This study reports the methane emission estimation using IPCC default, TNO, LandGEM, EPER and close flux chamber from open dump yards at Perungudi and Kodungaiyur in Chennai, India. The result reveals that the methane emission using close flux chamber was in the range of 8.8 Gg/yr-11.3 Gg/yr and 6.1Gg/yr to 9.1 Gg/yr at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi dump yard respectively. The per capita waste generation was estimated based on waste generation and population. The waste generation potential was projected using linear regression model for the period 2017-2050. The trend of CH₄ emission in the actual field measurement were increased every year, similarly the emission trend also increased in IPCC default method (mass balance approach), EPER Germany (zero order decay model) where as TNO and Land GEM (first order decay model) were decreased. The present study reveals that Kodungaiyur dump yard is more vulnerable to methane emission compared to Perungudi dump yard and has more potential in waste to energy conversion mechanisms than compare to Perungudi dump yard.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.997-1006
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• 2003

본 연구는 우리나라에서 가축 장내발효에 의한 메탄배출 통계 기반을 구축하기 위해 수행되었다. 메탄 배출량을 추정하기 위해 가축은 소, 돼지, 가금, 면양, 산양으로 대분류하였고, 소는 한우와 젖소로 분류하여 각각 한우 송아지, 한우 비육우, 한우 번식우, 젖소 송아지, 젖소 비육우, 착유우로 세분류하였다. Tier 2 방법에 의한 메탄 배출계수는 각 세분류 집단의 가축의 생산성, 생체중, 도체중, 일당 증체량, 소화율을 근거로 하여 산출되었다. 한우의 배출계수는 39～49kg/head/year 정도로 IPCC에서 제시한 Tier 1의 47kg/head/year과 유사한 수준이었고, 젖소의 배출계수는 107 kg/head/year로 Tier 1 배출계수, 118kg/head/ year 보다 다소 낮게 나타났다. Tier 2 방법으로 추정한 가축 장내발효에 의한 메탄 배출량은 2001년, 총 126.8톤이었고 각 세분류별 메탄 배출량은 한우, 젖소, 돼지, 면양, 산양, 말에서 각각 61.70, 47.76, 13.08, 2.25, 0.17, 0.01 톤으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 온실가스 배출추정 방법으로, Tier 1을 Tier 2로 대체하므로써 우리나라 가축 장내발효에 의한 메탄배출 통계의 정확성과 신뢰성이 개선된 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2014

This research was conducted to examine the temporal methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission trends in livestock agriculture from year 1990 to 2011 with Tier 1 national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory reporting method, which was related to efforts of decreasing GHG emissions and to achievement of voluntary GHG mitigation target. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation were calculated with default $CH_4$ emission factors of IPCC. Methane and $N_2O$ emissions from manure treatment processes were calculated with Tier 1 and mixture of Tier 1 and Tier 2 including $N_2O$ emission factors of manure treatment systems and nitrogen excretion rate of livestock, respectively. According to 2013 National GHG Inventory Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification report, GHG emission fluctuations from enteric fermentation and manure treatment processes were similarto livestock head fluctuation. GHG emissions from enteric fermentation were mainly affected by beef cattle including Hanwoo, while manure treatment processes were affected by various livestock.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2017

Methane and nitrous oxide are main greenhouse gases from agricultural system and their global warming potential are 25 and 258 times stronger than that of $CO_2$, respectively. In 2016, the emission was $21,290Gg\;tone\;CO_2-eq$. which was emitted from agriculture sector and about 3.1% of total GHG emission of Korea. Those guidelines that were published by IPCC have methodology for GHGs emission calculation as well as emission factor and so on. For recent 5 years, GHGs emissions in Korea have calculated by MRV which has been improved every year based on IPCC guidelines. Analysis as estimating method improvement showed that the methane emissions from rice cultivation were the lowest on 2012 methodology, and the highest on 2014 methodology. On the other hand, the emissions of agricultural soils were the lowest on 2015 methodology and the highest on 2012 methodology. Total emissions from agriculture sector were the lowest on 2015 methodology and the highest on 2012 methodology. Compared with 2016 methodology, the GHGs emitted as few as $-1,865Gg\;tone\;CO_2-eq$ and as many as $2,717Gg\;tone\;CO_2-eq$. GHGs emissions can vary greatly, depending on how to use the emission factor and activity data. Therefore, it need constantly a detailed analysis for methodology and GHGs emission in the future.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.189.1-189.1
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• 2011

Global warming effect was intensified due to rapid growth of fossil fuel consumption caused by urbanization and industrialization. Various efforts was being done to solve the problems leading to anomaly climate such as flood, downpour, heavy snow. As a results of international efforts for management of global warming, Kyoto Protocol, which was passed in Kyoto, Japan in 1997, designated $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$, HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$ as a global warming gases. And IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) suggested IPCC guideline for systematic establishment of national greenhouse gas inventory. Among five categories in IPCC guideline, the representative emission source of waste category is SWDS(solid waste disposal site). The concentrative research should progress for effective management of greenhouse gas related with waste. In this study, Tier1 and Tier2 methods which was suggested by 2006 IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guideline, was used to predict methane generation from C sanitary landfill located in Chungju area. To predict methane generation from C sanitary landfill, all factors were defaults values that were provided by 2006 IPCC guideline and Korea emission factors for Tier1 and Tier2 method. And economics of generated methane was estimated. From the predicted result using IPCC guideline, the methane generation was persistingly increased over a 9-year period(2000 ~ 2008). Aggregated amount of methane generation was about 3,017ton and 3,170ton predicted by Tier1 and Tier2, respectively. From the results of estimated economic value gained by generated methane from the C sanitary landfill for ten years from now(2010 ~ 2020), the profit was about 2.39 ~ 2.76 hundred million won.