• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.151-161
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• 1994

FCAW has wide application in ship fabrication, maintenance and field erection. It has many advantages over SMAW.SAW and GMAW process. In many applications, the FCAW provides highquality weld metal. This method can reduce weld defects especially porosity and spatter. But the fatigue characteristics of those deposited metal have been rarely investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cyclic stress-strain behavior and fatigue tests by the constant strain control were carried out on the rounded smooth specimen with deposited metal using the metal type flux cored wire. As the results of this study for the deposited metal welded by the metal type flux cored wire, the hardening or softening characteristics under cyclic load were investigated and cyclic stress-strain curve, strain-fatigue life curve, stress-strain function and fatigue life relation which are useful to estimate the fatigue life under the stress concentration condition were obtained.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.169-171
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• 1999

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2002

Concentration of welding fumes and their components is known to be hazardous to welder and adjacent worker. To determine the generation rates of metals in fumes, $CO_2$ flux cored arc welding on stainless steel was performed in well designed fume collection chamber. Variables were different products of flux cored wire(2 domestic products and 4 foreign products) and input energy(low-, optimal- , high input energy). Mass of welding fumes was determined by gravimetric method(NIOSH 0500 method), and 17 metals were analysed by inductively coupled plasm-atomic emission spectroscopy(NIOSH 7300 method). Flux cored wire tube and flux were analysed by scanning electron microscopy to determine their metal composition. 17 metals were classified by their generation rates. Generation rates of iron, manganese, potassium and sodium were all above 50mg/min at optimal input energy level. Generation rates of chromium and amorphous silica were 25~50mg/min. At 1~25mg/min level, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum were included. Copper, zinc, calcium, lead, magnesium, lithium, and cobalt were generated below 1 mg/min. Generation rates of metal components in fumes were influenced by input energy, types of flux cored wire. Flux cored wire was consisted of outer shell tube and inner flux. Iron, chromium, and nickel were the major components of outer tube. Flux contained iron, chromium, nickel, potassium, sodium, silica, and manganese. The use of flux cored wire can increase the hazards by increasing the amounts of fumes formed relative to that of solid wire. The reason might be the direct transfer of elements from the flux, since the flux is fine power. Ratio of metals to the fume of flux cored wire was lower than that of solid wire because non-metal components of flux were transferred. Total metal content of fumes in flux cored arc welding was 47.4(24.3~57.2) percent that is much lower than that of solid wire, 75.9 percent. We found that generation rates of iron, manganese, chromium and nickel, all well known to cause work related disease to welder, increased more rapidly with increasing input energy than those of fumes. To reduce worker exposure to fumes and hazardous component at source, further research is needed to develop new welding filler materials that decrease both the amount of fumes and hazardous components.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.182-184
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• 2004

GTAW of titanium using flux cored wire was exploited. Flux cored wire with MgF$_2$ resulted in 60% deeper penetration than conventional active GTAW which applys fluxes in the form of paste. Emission spectroscopy of the arc with MgF$_2$ showed Ti II peak, indicating higher temperature arc. Elux cored wire formed weld metal with reasonably low oxygen content.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Flux Cored Wire is the most widely used welding material for Flux Cored Arc Welding these days. This paper introduces the technical aspects of manufacturing FCW and the development trend of FCW for each type of steel and metal. The studies are ongoing to lower the production cost of seamless-type FCW since it has not been generally used in welding shops so far because of it high cost even though the seamless-type FCW has various advantages than folded-type FCW in terms of manufacturing technology. Meanwhile, a technical research has been carried out to develop a rutile type of FCW products which satisfies high toughness after post heat treatment. In addition, for high-speed fillet welding, there has been a development of welding materials which can be welded in Single Auto-Carriage 100 cpm or more and up to Twin Tandem 200 cpm without occurring any welding defect in order to improve the welding productivity. As Zn coated steel is being used recently to improve the corrosion resistance of the automotive parts, a research and development for Metal Cored Wire has been conducted to reduce the Si island produced in welding operation than those produced when using the former solid wires. A development of welding material that guarantees CTOD performance beyond $-40^{\circ}C$ CTOD to $-60^{\circ}C$ is underway by different steel grades, and FCW for super austenitic stainless steel is being developed as the corrosion resistant steel has been upgraded.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.615-619
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• 2019

Various fluorides, i.e., CaF₂, Na₃AlF₆, K₂SiF₆, MnF₃, MgF₂, were added to the flux cored wire, and their effects on the oxygen content of the weld metal were investigated. The investigation showed that the oxygen content of weld metal was not influenced by the type of metallic elements in the fluoride; rather, it was influenced by the stability of the arc during welding. While the wire containing MgF₂ showed the most stable arc and the least amount of oxygen in the weld metal, the wire containing MnF₃ showed the least stable arc and the greatest amount of oxygen. Since the deoxidation of the weld metal was not affected by the deoxidation elements, such as Ca and Mg, it was possible to predict the oxygen content of the weld metal by the equilibrium Si-Mn deoxidation thermodynamic model.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 1997

The arc stability and the metal transfer mode of high deposition GMA welding were investigated using various compositions of shielding gas with two types of filler, ie solid wire and metal cored wire. As for a solid wire, the transfer mode changed from axial spray to rotational spray with increasing wire feed rate (welding current) and the transition current was different with the gas composition. The gas composition also affected the apparent stability of rotating arc. As for a metal cored wire, on the other hand, no transition occurred and thus spray transfer mode could be applied with the welding current over 500A (deposition rate over 300g/min). Looking for the development of high deposition GMA welding process, above results were discussed in two different ways, one is to elevate the transition current, the other is to stabilize the rotational transfer mode.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.18-21
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• 2014

Cold cracking of weldment is one of the most serious welding problems. A sufficient quantity of diffusible hydrogen, a residual stress, and a sensitive microstructure are the causes of cold cracking. Removal of any one of these factors can be used to prevent cold cracking. Application of flux cored arc welding process is increasing due to high productivity and easiness of welding. In addition, to prevent cold cracking in the HAZ or weldment, preheat temperature and interpass temperature have to be controlled. In this study, the effect of preheat temperature on the levels of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal deposited using flux cored wire was examined. The levels of preheat temperature of base metal specimen were ambient temperature, 50, 100 and $150^{\circ}C$ respectively. The result showed that the increase of preheat temperature was a linear relationship with reduction of diffusible hydrogen content in weldment.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.335-342
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• 2015

Recently, the production of oil and gas at the arctic ocean and offshore has been growing. Accordingly, S500 steel with the high tensile strength and excellent toughness has been used and flux cored wire that can be welded to the S500 has been required. In this study, we carried out observation of microstructures, mechanical properties and CTOD (crack tip openning displacement) in the weld zone that GMA (gas metal arc) welded with different component of $TiO_2$ flux core wire (the main components, rutile or Ti-slag) for S500 steel. Weld zone produced with Ti-slag flux cored wire has formed a enough acicular ferrite and shown excellent impact toughness at $-40^{\circ}C$, tensile strength at room temperature and CTOD at $-20^{\circ}C$. As a result, the developed flux cored wire was suitable for S500 steel.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1989

The application of fracture mechanics is being increased gradually to assess the safety of welded structures containing crack. Fatigue crack propagation behavior and elastic-plastic fracture toughness J$_{IC}$ of home made flux cored wire(1.22mm) CO$_{2}$ weldments was discussed. Especially fatigue crack propagation test was carried out by .DELTA.K control instead of load control and elastic-plastic fracture toughness J$_{IC}$ was obtained by ASTM-R curve method on C.T.specimen in transverse direction of weldments. The results obtained are as follows; (1) Weld metal presented an almost complete similarity to base metal on fatigue crack propagation rate in transverse direction. (2) Weld metal was more than base metal on J$_{IC}$ value in transverse direction. (3) F.C.W. CO$_{2}$ weldments had an excellent characteristic of fatigue crack propagation rate and J$_{IC}$ in less than 50kg/mm$^{2}$ steel grade, this would result from that weld metal had good static strength.trength.