• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.341-354
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• 2002

Heavy metal concentration/distribution in sediments and bivalves from the tidal flats in Saemankeum coastal area, western Korea, were investigated, Among 6 sampling sites, S2, S5 and S6 showed the higher levels of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu and Cd contamination and S1 did the higher level of Pb contamination than other sites, while S-4 showed the lowest levels of these metal contamination. Overally, the levels of Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations in Sinonovacula constricta were estimated to be relatively high. The shell lengths of the collected mussels were linearly related to their dry weights of the whole soft parts, but the mussels collected from S3 were in a poor nutrition, resulting in the distinctively high levels of metal concentrations in the body. It was shown that in S. constricta, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn are distributed equally into the whole soft parts or a little more into the flesh, after absorption, while Fe, Cd, Pb and Mn are transferred more into the non-flesh parts than into the flesh parts. In S. constricta, the heavy metal concentrations in the flesh increase with those in the whole soft parts. The bioaccumulation factors(heavy metal concentration in S. constricta/heavy metal concentration in sediment) showed that, of the examined metals, Cd is the most cumulative in the body of S. constricta, followed by Zn and Cu, while Mn, Cr, Ni and Pb are not cumulative.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2007

There was a great problem about the deposition between materials of a different kind at the beginnings of the introduction of porcelains, however, thereafter the deposition efficiency was settlded to the sufficient level of all user thanks to effort to have studied by many scholars and clinical authorities. But in a clinical process, as the difference of designs has an effect on fractures of porcelains, this researcher divided them into 4 groups of A: 1 mm, B: 2 mm, C: 3 mm, and D: 4 mm, and made 40 pieces to each 10 as the test samples to consider a length axis of tooth for studies in accordance with a position of a finishing line to meet between porcelain and metal at the contact point at the adjacent side to a metal porcelain. The sample materials are those to be use at the open market and the test samples wer completed by the same manufacturing technique to that of existent metal porcelain tube. s a result of the strength test on fractures, the average value is as in the following, A: 1 mm - 8.5bar, B: 2 mm - 10.5bar, C: 3 mm - 14.3bar, and D: 4 mm - 15.0bar. In case of the metal porcelain tube, the more faraway to process parts of metal and porcelain from the contact point of adjacent side has the stronger strength of fractures, Accordingly, the research shows that it had better to keep off more than 3 to consider a ledngth axis of tooth.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2013

Numerical analysis on RF (Radio-Frequency) thermal plasma treatment of micro-sized Ni metal was carried out to understand the synthesis mechanism of nano-sized Ni powder by RF thermal plasma. For this purpose, the behaviors of Ni metal particles injected into RF plasma torch were investigated according to their diameters ($1{\sim}100{\mu}m$), RF input power (6 ~ 12 kW) and the flow rates of carrier gases (2 and 5 slpm). From the numerical results, it is predicted firstly that the velocities of carrier gases need to be minimized because the strong injection of carrier gas can cool down the central column of RF thermal plasma significantly, which is used as a main path for RF thermal plasma treatment of micro-sized Ni metal. In addition, the residence time of the injected particles in the high temperature region of RF thermal plasma is found to be also reduced in proportion to the flow rate of the carrier gas In spite of these effects of carrier gas velocities, however, calculation results show that a Ni metal particle even with the diameter of $100{\mu}m$ can be completely evaporated at relatively low power level of 10 kW during its flight of RF thermal plasma torch (< 10 ms) due to the relatively low melting point and high thermal conductivity. Based on these observations, nano-sized Ni metal powders are expected to be produced efficiently by a simple treatment of micro-sized Ni metal using RF thermal plasmas.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

PURPOSE. This study was to evaluate the effect of grinding of the inner metal surface during the porcelain try-in stage on metal-porcelain bonding considering the maximum temperature and the vibration of samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety-one square prism-shaped ($1{\times}1{\times}1.5mm$) nickel-chrome cast frameworks 0.3 mm thick were prepared. Porcelain was applied on two opposite outer axial surfaces of the frameworks. The grinding was performed from the opposite axial sides of the inner metal surfaces with a low-speed handpiece with two types of burs (diamond, tungsten-carbide) under three grinding forces (3.5 N, 7 N, 14 N) and at two durations (5 seconds, 10 seconds). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed with universal testing machine. Statistical analyzes were performed at 5% significance level. RESULTS. The samples subjected to grinding under 3.5 N showed higher SBS values than those exposed to grinding under 7 N and 14 N (P<.05). SBS values of none of the groups differed from those of the control group (P>.05). The types of bur (P=.965) and the duration (P=.679) did not affect the SBS values. On the other hand, type of bur, force applied, and duration of the grinding affected the maximum temperatures of the samples, whereas the maximum vibration was affected only by the type of bur (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Grinding the inner metal surface did not affect the metal-porcelain bond strength. Although the grinding affected the maximum temperature and the vibration values of the samples, these did not influence the bonding strength.

• 자연과학논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2008

교통량이 많은 대전광역시 유성구의 32번 국도변 배 과수원의 토양과 수체의 중금속 오염 실태를 조사하였다. 도로에 인접한 과수원 토양의 표토와 심토 모두 Pb, Cu 및 Zn 함량은 도로에서 원거리에 위치한 과수원(대조구) 토양에 비하여 많았고 도로에 가까운 지점일수록 함량이 많았다. 도로에서 10m 지점의 표토 중금속 함량은 대조구보다 Pb는 4배, Cu는 3배 그리고 Zn은 2.5배 많았다. 대조구 토양에 비하여 도로변 과수원 토양 표토의 Cd 함량이 많았으나 심토에서는 차이가 없었다. 도로변 과수원 배나무 잎의 중금속 최대 함량은 Pb 20.08, Cu 7.02, Zn 30.83, Cd $1.68\;mm.kg^{-1}$으로 대조구보다 많았다. 과실의 Cd 함량과 과경의 Pb 함량은 대조구보다 도로변 과수원에서 많았고 도로에서 가까울수록 많았다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.454-459
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• 2015

PURPOSE. To determine whether the fracture strengths and failure types differed between metal and zirconia frameworks veneered with pressable or layering ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A phantom molar tooth was prepared and duplicated in 40 cobalt-chromium abutments. Twenty metal (IPS d.SIGN 15, Ivoclar, Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and 20 zirconia (IPS e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar) frameworks were fabricated on the abutments. Each framework group was randomly divided into 2 subgroups according to the veneering material: pressable and layering ceramics (n=10). Forty molar crowns were fabricated, cemented onto the corresponding abutments and then thermocycled ($5-55^{\circ}C$, 10,000 cycles). A load was applied in a universal testing machine until a fracture occurred on the crowns. In addition, failure types were examined using a stereomicroscope. Fracture load data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. The highest strength value was seen in metal-pressable (MP) group, whereas zirconia-pressable (ZP) group exhibited the lowest one. Moreover, group MP showed significantly higher fracture loads than group ZP (P=.015) and zirconia-layering (ZL) (P=.038) group. No significant difference in fracture strength was detected between groups MP and ML, and groups ZP and ZL (P>.05). Predominant fracture types were cohesive for metal groups and adhesive for zirconia groups. CONCLUSION. Fracture strength of a restoration with a metal or a zirconia framework was independent of the veneering techniques. However, the pressing technique over metal frameworks resisted significantly higher fracture loads than zirconia frameworks.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.211-226
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• 1988

역상 액체 크로마토그래피에 의하여 몇 가지 금속-dithiocarbamate(DTC) 킬레이트의 용리거동을 Novapak $C_{18}$과 {\mu}$-Bondapak $C_{18}$ 분리관을 사용하여 연구하고, 아울러 동시 분리정량에 미치는 pH, 진탕시간, 흐름속도, 추출용매 종류 및 이동상의 세기등 여러가지 인자들의 영향을 조사 검토하였다. 미량 금속-DTC 킬레이트들은 Novapak $C_{18}$ 분리관에서 acetonitrile/methanol/water 또는 acetonitrile/water의 용리액을 사용하여 성공적으로 분리되었다. 모든 금속-DTC 킬레이트의 용매세기 인자는 $0{\leqq}log\;k'{\leqq}1$ 의 범위임을 확인하였고, 회수율을 97.0-106.7 %, coefficient of variation은 0.98-3.41%이었다. 최적 분석 조건에서 합성 시료중에 있는 혼합 금속 이온들은 상대 오차 ${\pm}$6.7 % 이내에서 동시 분리정량이 가능하였다.

• 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2007년도 SMT/PCB 기술세미나
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• pp.37-47
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• 2007

Factor : Structure Metal pad & SMO size Board level TC test : - Large SMO size better Board level Drop test : - Large SMO size better Factor : Structure Substrate thickness Board level TC test : - Thick substrate better Board level Drop test : - Substrate thickness is not a significant factor for drop test Factor : Material Solder alloy Board level TC test : - Not so big differences over Pb-free solder and NiAu, OSP finish Board level Drop test : - Ni/Au+SAC105, CuOSP+LF35 are better Factor : Material Pad finish Board level TC test : - NiAu/NiAu is best Board livel Drop test : - CuOSP is best Factor : Material Underfill Board level TC test - Several underfills (reworkable) are passed TCG x500 cycles Board level Drop test : - Underfill lots have better performance than non-underfill lots Factor : Process Multiple reflow Board level TC test : - Multiple reflow is not a significant actor for TC test Board level Drop test : N/A Factor : Process Peak temp Board level TC test : - Higher peak temperature is worse than STD Board level Drop test : N/A Factor : Process Stack method Board level TC test : - No big difference between pre-stack and SMT stack Board level Drop test : - Flux dipping is better than paste dipping but failure rate is more faster

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2005

Purpose: Recently, various metal primers have been developed, and these are known to increase the bond strength between metal and relining resin. In this study, the change in bond strength according to amount of thermocycling was evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 216 specimens were fabricated. Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$(Tokuyama Corp., Japan) and $Kooliner^{(R)}$(GC America Inc., Japan) as relining material, and MR. $Bond^{(R)}$(Tokuyama Corp., Japan) and Alloy $Primer^{(R)}$(Kuraray Medical Inc., Japan) as a metal primers were used. Using Ni-Cr and various metal surface treatment methods, resin was bonded and the change in bond strength during thermocycling was measured. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, t-test(p<.05 level of significance). Results: When comparing the groups with only sandblasting, rapid decrease in shear bond strength could be seen. In the groups using Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$, with the exception of the 1000 and 2000 cycle groups, each group showed statistically significant decrease in shear bond strength(p<0.05). In comparison according to relining materials, $Kooliner^{(R)}$ showed higher shear bond strength than Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$ in all groups. In groups using MR $bond^{(R)}$, $Kooliner^{(R)}$ had higher shear bond strength than Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$ but, there was no statistical significance(p<0.05). In the other groups, $Kooliner^{(R)}$ showed significantly higher shear bond strength(p<0.05). There was significant difference between groups with sandblasting and metal primer treatments(p<0.05). In comparison according to metal primer materials, Alloy $Primer^{(R)}$ showed the highest shear bond strength but there was no statistical significance(p>0.05). According to the number of thermocycling cycles, when using Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$, there were no significant differences between the 0, 1000 and 2000 cycle groups regardless of the type of metal primer. There were no differences between the 2000 and 3000 cycle groups. When using $Kooliner^{(R)}$, regardless of the type of metal primer, there were no significant differences between the 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 cycle groups(p>0.05). Conclusion: The use of metal primers showed increase in bond strength, and the stability after to thermocycling has been authenticated. Thus, the use of metal primers in relining and rebasing of metal frameworks is essential. But when selecting the material various physical properties should be considered.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.521-526
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• 2017

본 연구는 7075 알루미늄 합금의 용가재에 따른 GTA용접공정의 기계적 특성을 평가 하기위해 인장시험, 미세경도 시험과 같은 실험을 실시하였다. 방사선비파괴 시험 결과 KS D 0242규격의 1급의 기준에 만족하였으며 용가재에 따른 용접의 결함증가 등의 문제점은 없는 것으로 판단된다. 인장시험 결과 Al 7075를 용가재로 사용하였을 때에만 용접부에서 파단이 일어났으며 Al 7075, ER 4043의 용가재에 따른 인장강도는 각각 240MPa, 253MPa로 나타나며 항복강도는 각각 132MPa, 120MPa로 나타났으며 연신율은 각각 6.6%, 13%로 나타났다. 미세경도시험 결과 Al 7075를 용가재로 사용했을 때 용착금속부는 경화되어 Hv132로 나타났으며 ER 4043을 사용한 시편의 용착금속부의 경도는 각각 약 24% 감소하여 나타났다. Al 7075의 용접의 경우 같은 합금 조성의 용가재를 사용하여 용접 하면 용착금속부가 경화하여 용착금속부에서 파괴가 일어날 수 있으므로 같은 합금의 조성의 용가재를 사용하지 않는 것이 바람직하다. 위와 같은 실험을 통하여 7075 알루미늄합금의 용접시 같은 합금 조성의 용가재인 Al 7075를 사용하는 것 보다는 Al-Si계인 ER 4043을 용가재를 사용하는 것이 바람직하다.