• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2012

The archival objects are tangible evidence related to the public service. They are unique and offer information representing the specific events, time or person. The archival objects as modern cultural heritage do not have the guideline to classify, manage and conserve them. Especially, it is difficult to apply general conservation process for burial artifacts, because there are few study example of conservation for metal archival objects and they have complex administrative value. We tried to find suitable material and application method for consolidation of copper alloy archival object. We choose three kinds of wax and acrylic resin for burial artifacts and had done comparative analysis of their characterizations following kinds and coating methods. As a result of evaluation by several surface analysis such as optical microscope, measuring film thickness, adhesive strength, contact angle and yellowing test, acrylic resin can use to archival objects of copper alloy, effectively but the method of heating after dip-coating with Wax B used before can get best effect of consolidation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.491-500
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• 2016

Fog is atmospheric in which tiny drops of water vapor are suspended in the air near the ground. Its form, occurrence, etc., change according to the temperature, relative humidity, wind and geographical features of the space around it. In particular, fog tends to occur near a source of water because of temperature and relative humidity difference. These days, climate change is increasingly affecting the occurrence of fog. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate how fog affects materials that are part of our cultural properties through outdoor exposure tests and artificial degradation. The degradation evaluation of materials as a function of fog occurrence frequency, showed that the color of metals changed noticeably, whereas dyed silk and Dancheong showed degradation on the surface and color differences but no particular tendencies. Therefore, damage prediction by color differences as a function of fog occurrence frequency was based on metal samples, which showed constant color differences. Through a comparison of the predictive value and color difference by outdoor exposure, the accuracy and applicability of the damage prediction formula was confirmed. If a more complex damage prediction formula is created, it is expected that prediction of the degree of material damage in the field would be possible.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 2016

An integrated database(DB) system was developed to manage the marine geological data and geophysical data acquired from around the Korean peninsula from 2009 to 2013. Geological data such as size analysis data, columnar section images, X-ray images, heavy metal data, and organic carbon data of sediment samples, were collected in the form of text files, excel files, PDF files and image files. Geophysical data such as seismic data, magnetic data, and gravity data were gathered in the form of SEG-Y binary files, image files and text files. We collected scientific data from research projects funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, data produced by domestic marine organizations, and public data provided by foreign organizations. All the collected data were validated manually and stored in the archive DB according to data processing procedures. A geographic information system was developed to manage the spatial information and provide data effectively using the map interface. Geographic information system(GIS) software was used to import the position data from text files, manipulate spatial data, and produce shape files. A GIS DB was set up using the Oracle database system and ArcGIS spatial data engine. A client/server GIS application was developed to support data search, data provision, and visualization of scientific data. It provided complex search functions and on-the-fly visualization using ChartFX and specially developed programs. The system is currently being maintained and newly collected data is added to the DB system every year.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 1970

Formation of the complexes of alkaline earths with citrate ions in aqueous, acetone-water and ethanol-water solutions was studied at room temperature by the equilibrium exchange technique. This technique involved the measurements of distribution of radioactivity between cation exchange resin and solution phase after the radioactive metal ions were equilibriated with the cation exchange resin in the presence of citrate ions ($Cit^{3-}$) of varying concentrations. The pH of the solutions was controlled to 7.2-7.5, and the ionic strength of the solutions was kept at 0.10-0.12. The present study revealed that both barium and strontium ions formed the one to one citrate complexes, $[M Cit]^-$ in all solvent systems examined. It was also observed that calcium ions formed the one to one citrate complex in aqueous solution. In acetone-water and ethanol-water solutions, however, calcium ions were observed to form both one to one and one to two complexes, $[Ca Cit]^-$ and $[Ca\;Cit_2]^{4-}$. The results of the present study indicated also that relative stabilities of the complexes increased in the order; $Ba^{++}\;<\;Sr^{++}\;<\;Ca^{++}$, and in the order of increasing concentration of the organic components in the mixed solvent systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.169-169
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• 2008

To keep pace with scaling trends of CMOS technologies, high-k metal oxides are to be introduced. Due to their high permittivity, high-k materials can achieve the required capacitance with stacks of higher physical thickness to reduce the leakage current through the scaled gate oxide, which make it become much more promising materials to instead of $SiO_2$. As further studying on high-k, an understanding of the relation between the etch characteristics of high-k dielectric materials and plasma properties is required for the low damaged removal process to match standard processing procedure. There are some reports on the dry etching of different high-k materials in ICP and ECR plasma with various plasma parameters, such as different gas combinations ($Cl_2$, $Cl_2/BCl_3$, $Cl_2$/Ar, $SF_6$/Ar, and $CH_4/H_2$/Ar etc). Understanding of the complex behavior of particles at surfaces requires detailed knowledge of both macroscopic and microscopic processes that take place; also certain processes depend critically on temperature and gas pressure. The choice of $BCl_3$ as the chemically active gas results from the fact that it is widely used for the etching o the materials covered by the native oxides due to the effective extraction of oxygen in the form of $BCl_xO_y$ compounds. In this study, the surface reactions and the etch rate of $Al_2O_3$ films in $BCl_3/Cl_2$/Ar plasma were investigated in an inductively coupled plasma(ICP) reactor in terms of the gas mixing ratio, RF power, DC bias and chamber pressure. The variations of relative volume densities for the particles were measured with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The surface imagination was measured by AFM and SEM. The chemical states of film was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirmed the existence of nonvolatile etch byproducts.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2011

Spectroscopic (infrared, electronic and $1^H$-NMR), elemental analyses CHN, molar conductivity, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA/DTG) and biological studies, of both benzanthrone derivatives 3-N-2-hydroxy ethylamine benzanthrone (HEAB) and 3-N-2-amino ethylamine benzanthrone (AEAB) with Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) chlorides were discussed herein. Based on the above studies, HEAB ligand was suggested to be coordinated to each metal ions via hydroxo and amino groups to form [Cu(HEAB)$(Cl)_2$].$2H_2O$, [Co(HEAB)$(Cl)_2(H_2O)_2$].$8H_2O$ and [Ni(HEAB)$(Cl)_2(H_2O)_2$].$7H_2O$ coordinated complex. On the other hand, AEAB has an octahedral coordinated feature with formulas [Cu(AEAB)$(Cl)_2(H_2O)_2$].$2H_2O$, [Co(AEAB)$(Cl)_2(H_2O)_2$].$4H_2O$ and [Ni(AEAB)$(Cl)_2(H_2O)_2$]. $6H_2O$. The molar conductance values at $25{\circ}C$ for all complexes in DMF are slightly higher than free ligands; this supported the presence of chloride ions inside the coordination sphere. Both benzanthrone ligands and their complexes have been screened against different kinds of bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2011

The complexation behavior of the $\alpha$-ketostabilized phosphorus ylides $Ph_3P$=CHC(O) $C_6H_4-X$ (X=Br, Ph) towards the transition metal ions mercury (II) and Silver (I) was investigated. The mercury(II) complex {$HgX_2$ [Y]} 2 ($Y_1$=4-bromo benzoyl methylene triphenyl phosphorane; X=Cl(1), Br(2), I(3), $Y_2$=4-phenyl benzoyl methylene triphenyl phosphorane; X=Cl(4), Br(5), I(6)) have been prepared from the reaction of $Y_1$ and $Y_2$ with $HgX_2$ (X=Cl, Br, I) respectively. Silver complexes [$Ag(Y_2)_2]$ X(X=$BF_4$(7), OTf(8)) of the $\alpha$-keto-stabilized phosphorus ylides ($Y_2$) were obtained by reacting this ylide with AgX (X=$BF_4$, OTf) in $Me_2CO$. The crystal structure of complexes (1) and (4) was discussed. These reactions led to binuclear complexes C-coordination of ylide and trans-like structure of complexes $[Y_1HgCl_2]_2$. $CHCl_3$ (1) and $[Y_2HgCl_2]_2$ (4) is demonstrated by single crystal X-ray analyses. Not only all of complexes have been studied by IR, $^1H$ and $^{31}P$ NMR spectroscopy, but also complexes 1-3 have been characterized by $^{13}$CNMR.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1990

An effect of the spin-orbit coupling interaction of ligand orbitals and the intermixing │3d 〉and│4p > transition metal atomic orbitals on the ground state for a 3$d^9$ system in a strong crystal field of tetragonally distorted tetrahedral symmetry that belongs to the $D_{2d}$ point group has been investigated in this work, applying the degenerate perturbation theory. An LCAO-MO analysis in terms of the known energies of the d-d transitions for the tetragonally distorted $CuCl_4^{2-}$ ion in a single crystal of$Cs_2CuCl_4$shows that the covalent mixing of Cu 3d and ligand Cl 3p orbitals decreases dramatically with increasing Cu 4p contribution. The extent of effect on the energy level splitting for the ground state by the spin-orbit coupling interaction of ligand orbitals decreases significantly in orderTEX>$\Gamma_7(E)\;\to\;\Gamma_6(E)\; >\;\Gamma_7(B_2)\;\to\;\Gamma_6(E)\; >\;\Gamma_7(B_2)\;\to\;\Gamma_7(E)$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.294-301
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• 1993

${\pi}$-A isotherms of the Palmitic acid(PA) with increasing pH shifted to the low area/molecule due to the dissociation of PA at the air-water interface. More condensation of PA monolayers occurred by the addition of Mg$^{2+}$, Ca$^{2+}$ and Ba$^{2+}$ ion in subphase. This condensing effect was increased with increasing the concentration of these ions. Due to the interaction with each ion, PA were formed Mg, Ca, Ba-Palmitate complex. The binding structure between alkaline earth ion and carboxylate ligand in PA has been identified by IR spectrometry. The order of condensing effect of alkaline earth ions at pH 8 was Ca$^{2+}$ > Ba$^{2+}$+ > Mg$^{2+}$. The condensing effect except for Mg$^{2+}$ decreased with increasing atomic number. Whereas, the condensing effect in pure water system decreased with decreasing atomic number in the sequence: Ba$^{2+}$ > Ca$^{2+}$ > Mg$^{2+}$. The miscibility of binary system of PA and hexadecanol in monolayer showed that the miscibility was good for the pure water system. But, in the buffered pH 8 system, bad miscibility was found.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

The Haman mineralized area is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin along the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula. Almost all occurrences in the Haman area are representative of copper-bearing polymetallic hydrothermal vein-type mineralization. Within the area are a number of fissure-filling hydrothermal veins which contain tourmaline, quartz and carbonates with Fe-oxide, base-metal sulfide and sulfosalt minerals. The Gunbuk, Jeilgunbuk and Haman mines are each located on such veins. The ore and gangue mineral paragenesis can be divided into three distinct stages: Stage I, tourmaline + quartz + Fe-Cu ore mineralization; Stage II, quartz + sulfides + sulfosalts + carbonates; Stage III, barren calcite. Equilibrium thermodynamic data combined with mineral paragenesis indicate that copper minerals precipitated mainly within a temperature range of $350^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$. During early mineralization at $350^{\circ}C$, significant amounts of copper ($10^3$ to $10^2\;ppm$) could be dissolved in weakly acid NaCl solutions. For late mineralization at $250^{\circ}C$, about $10^0$ to $10^{-1}\;ppm$ copper could be dissolved. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation indicates that the copper in the Haman-Gunbuk systems could have been transported as a chloride complex and the copper precipitation occurred as a result of cooling accompanied by changes in the geochemical environments ($fs_2$, $fo_2$, pH, etc.) resulting in decrease of solubility of copper chloride complexes.