• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.384-393
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Participatory Action-Oriented Training (PAOT) programs in korean manufacture workers with metabolic syndrome for three years. Methods: A total of 890 workers with risks of metabolic syndrome were recruited from one workplace. The experimental group (n=51) received PAOT program for the preventive management on metabolic syndrome, while the control group (n=51) received conventional program. Results: In the experimental group who participated in PAOT program, percentage of achieved action plans was 73.4% at three months, 75.8% at six months, 82.8% at three years. After three years, the rate of risk factor in the experimental group has significantly decreased from $1.94{\pm}1.77$ to $0.76{\pm}1.25$ for moderate exercise, and from $1.72{\pm}2.01$ to $1.04{\pm}1.59$ for the strenuous exercise. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure has significantly decreased from $125.06{\pm}11.83$ to $117.65{\pm}19.94$, from $83.45{\pm}13.38$ to $76.39{\pm}8.09$ mmHg. In addition, risk factor score also decreased from $3.31{\pm}0.61$ to $1.41{\pm}0.89$. Conclusion: To improve the effectiveness of PAOT program for the management of risk factors of metabolic syndrome, there is a need to continue implement programs and analyze the long-term effects are required in the workplace.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.225-235
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and factors associated with it among elders in a rural community. Methods: Data were collected from 683 subjects with a questionnaire, physical measurement, and blood test. The prevalence of the MS was determined by AHA/NHLBI and waist circumference cutoff points for Koreans. Results: The prevalence of the MS was 50.5% in total (41.6% in men, 56.3% in women) while the prevalence of 5 metabolic risk factors was 67.7% for elevated blood pressure, 51.0% for low HDL-cholesterol, and 50.2% for abdominal obesity. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of the MS included family history, BMI, and physical activity; significant factors associated with that of metabolic components included family history, BMI, smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Especially, a higher BMI was a strong risk factor of the prevalence of abdominal obesity as well as the MS and its components. Conclusion: The findings indicate that nurses should care for elders based on each metabolic component regarding its prevalence level and concentrate primarily on reducing elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol by controlling the main risk factor, abdominal obesity through lifestyle modification.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.262-272
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• 2008

Purpose: This study examined the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Revised Process of Change for Weight Control Scale (POC-WCS) in adults with metabolic syndrome. Method: A methodological research design with an exploratory factor analysis for validity and correlational coefficients for reliability was used. The Korean version of the Revised POC-WCS was translated into Korean and a translation equivalency was obtained. It was tested with one hundred and fifty-one obese adults with metabolic syndrome in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha and Guttman coefficients and a principal component factor analysis with SPSS/WIN 12.0. Result: The factor analysis identified eight factors explaining 64.7% of the total variance. The Korean version of the Revised POC-WCS included stimulus control (9 items), dramatic relief (6 items), reinforcement management (6 items), helping relationships (4 items), consciousness raising (3 items), self liberation (3 items), self reevaluation (3 items), and social liberation (4 items). The internal consistency was acceptable with Cronbach's alpha (.94) and Guttman coefficient (.92). Conclusion: The Korean version of the Revised POC-WCS had adequate validity and reliability in adults with metabolic syndrome. It can be used to assess the strategies and processes for weight control in a variety of populations with obesity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2013

There is a lack of data on metabolic risk factors during pre-puberty, which is important for identifying the subgroups of youth, at whom early interventions should be targeted. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of metabolic risk factors and its subsequent relations with dietary patterns in Korean pre-pubertal children through a cross-sectional sample (n = 1,008; boys = 513) of pre-pubertal children (aged 8-9 years) from a sub-study of the Korea Metabolic Syndrome Research Initiatives (KMSRI) in Seoul, Korea. Measures of anthropometry and blood pressure as well as fasting blood samples were used in the analysis. A three-day food records were collected. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the age-adjusted National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. An added metabolic risk score was calculated for each subject by summing the quintile values of the five individual risk factors. Among the 5 risk components of metabolic syndrome, high waist circumference (WC) was the major factor (P < 0.001). A significant increasing trend of the added metabolic syndrome risk score was observed with the increase of WC (P (trend) < 0.001) among both genders. The cutoff point for high WC for pre-pubertal children was 61.3 cm for boys and 59.9 cm for girls. The prevalence of high triglyceride (TG) values was significantly higher in girls than it was in boys (P < 0.01). Girls in the highest quintile of balanced dietary pattern scores had lower TG values (P (trend) = 0.032) than did those in the lowest quintile. Moreover, girls in the highest quintile of western dietary pattern scores showed increasing trend for the added metabolic risk score (P (trend) = 0.026) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Adverse associations exist between western dietary patterns and the accumulation of metabolic risks among girls, not in boys, even during pre-puberty.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.639-648
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• 2013

Metabolic syndrome is the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases So, it is judged that Quality of life of persons with metabolic syndrome inevitably deteriorate. For the purpose, the study aims to analyse the number of risk factors, and the relationship between abnormality of each risk factor and Quality of life, targeting adult women aged more than 19. For this study, data from the National Health and Nutrition Behavior Survey in 2007 and 2008 were incorporated and 4,365 subjects were collected for the study. Version 17.0 SPSS was used for data analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. As a result of the study, the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome was 24.2%. According to the number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome the regression coefficient of Quality of life was -0.024 when the number of risk factor was one, -0.048 when there were two risk factors, -0.090 when there were three risk factors, -0.117 when there were four risk factors, and -0.168 when there were five risk factors. The regression coefficient(abnormal/normal)of risk factors of metabolic syndrome were as follows; Waist circumference -0.035, Blood pressure was -0.064, Fasting glucose was -0,026 and HDL cholesterol was -0.012. In conclusion, as it was discovered that risk factors of metabolic syndrome had significant relations with Quality of life, it is suggested that the relations between some significant variables and Quality of life should be actively considered so that adult women can perceive metabolic syndrome properly and endeavor to improve their Quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.441-455
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome. Methods: Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake. Conclusions: Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.357-366
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the association between plasma antioxidant levels and metabolic syndrome in male workers, and to provide basic information regarding the control and prevention of metabolic syndrome. We analyzed 163 male workers who had participated in annual medical examinations from January to December 2007. The subjects were classified into normal and metabolic syndrome groups according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria and the Asia-Pacific criteria for waist circumference. Anthropometric parameters, lifestyles, blood lipid profiles, and antioxidant levels were evaluated. As compared to the normal group, the metabolic syndrome group evidenced significantly higher plasma levels of $\alpha$- tocopherol(p<0.05) and retinol(p<0.05), but significantly lower plasma levels of lycopene(p<0.05) and $\beta$-carotene(p<0.05). This tendency was found to be predominantly attributable to increases in the number of metabolic syndrome components. In our simple regression analysis, higher plasma levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol($\beta$=0.001, p<0.01) and retinol($\beta$=0.021, p<0.001) were associated with significantly higher risks of metabolic syndrome, but lycopene($\beta$=-1.499, p<0.01) and $\beta$-carotene($\beta$=-0.048, p<0.01) were associated with significantly lower risks of metabolic syndrome. Retinol($\beta$=0.013, p<0.05) and $\beta$-carotene($beta$=-0.044, p<0.01) were associated significantly with metabolic syndrome, when adjusted for age and BMI. These data indicate that the plasma levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol, retinol, lycopene, and $\beta$-carotene are associated with metabolic syndrome. Specifically, low lycopene and $\beta$-carotene levels in the plasma appear to increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, proper nutritional education programs for male workers are required to increase dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins. Further studies will be necessary to determine whether antioxidant levels can be utilized as a predictive or a preventive factor.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.158-168
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• 2019

This study has researched and analyzed the relation among adolescents metabolic syndrome, dietary life, physical activity and mental health using $7^{th}$ National Nutrition Survey of $1^{st}$ year(2016) to provide the base data for the prevention of adolescent metabolic syndrome and the promotion of mental health. The subjects have been aimed at 13-18 year-old adolescents. The normal group consists of 201 males(56.4%) and 187 females(47.4%) and the adolescents with metabolic syndrome are composed of 9 males(56.4%) and 6 females(43.6%), totally 403 subjects. As a result of analyzing on the relation among adolescents' metabolic syndrome, dietary life, physical activity and mental health, the main influencing factors of metabolic syndrome are as follows. First, with regard to physical features, as BMI increases 1, the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome multiplies 1.746 times. Second, when eating breakfast once to twice a week, the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome decreases 0.87 times. Third, with regard to physical activity, as usual sitting hours a day increase 1 hour, the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome multiplies 1.054 times. Fourth, the relation between metabolic syndrome and mental health of adolescents is not significant at all. Thus, the further study on metabolic syndrome focused on adolescents should be extended through the development of various variables of dietary life, physical activity and mental health focused on adolescents. In addition, the development of effective intervention program combining with dietary life, physical activity and mental health factors is necessary.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

Mitochondria biogenesis requires a coordination of two genomes, nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Disruption of mitochondria function leads to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP generating capacity and consequently results in chronic degenerative diseases including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. Although PPAR-${\gamma}$ coactivator-$1{\alpha}$ (PGC-$1{\alpha}$) was discovered as a central regulator of mitochondria biogenesis and a transcriptional co-activator of nuclear respiratory factor (NRF) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), the expressions of PGC-$1{\alpha}$, NRF and Tfam were not significantly altered in tissues showing abnormal mitochondria functions. This observation suggests that there should be another regulator(s) for mitochondria function. Here, we demonstrate microRNAs (miRNAs) can modulate mitochondria function. Overexpression of microRNA dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS production in vitro and in vivo. It will be discussed the target of microRNA and its role in metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.153-162
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome risk factors for adults in the general population, understand the relationship of each factor with the obesity indicators, and examine the relevance and validity for predicting the metabolic syndrome in obese indicators. The study subjects were 1,051 adults aged 20 years and over, who underwent a health package check-up at the Korea Association of Health Promotion, D-branch from Feb. to Nov. 2014. As a result, the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome of the study subjects were 21.5%, and the prevalence rates of the metabolic risk factors were as follows: 31.8% of men and 41.6% of women for abdominal obesity; 35.6% of men and 17.3% of women for TG; 17.6% of men and 34.2% of women for HDL-C; 53.5% of men and 35.9% of women for blood pressure; and 14.9% of men and 6.8% of women for FBS. The prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in the older age group, in the group with the higher BMI, and in the group of higher level of drinking frequency. In the predictive indicators of obesity on metabolic syndrome risk factors, the waist / height ratio was higher than other indicators. Conclusively, WHtR appeared to be a useful indicator to show abdominal obesity and is better in selecting metabolic syndrome patients compared to other obesity indicators.