• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2021

Insects affect crop harvest yield and quality, making plant response mechanisms to insect herbivores a heavily studied topic. However, analysis of plant responses to honeybees is rare. In this study, comprehensive metabolic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to honeybees was performed to investigate which metabolites were changed by the insect. A total of 85 metabolites-including chlorophylls, carotenoids, glucosinolates, policosanols, tocopherols, phytosterols, β-amyrin, amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and starch-were identified using high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolite profiling analysis of Arabidopsis exposed to honeybees showed higher levels of stress-related metabolites. The levels of glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin), policosanols (eicosanol, docosanol, tricosanol, tetracosanol), tocopherols (β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol), putrescine, lysine, and sugars (arabinose, fructose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, raffinose) in Arabidopsis exposed to honeybees were higher than those in unexposed Arabidopsis. Glucosinolates act as defensive compounds against herbivores; policosanols are components of plant waxes; tocopherols act as an antioxidant; and putrescine, lysine, and sugars contribute to stress regulation. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis perceives honeybees as a stress and changes its metabolites to overcome the stress. This is the first step to determining how Arabidopsis reacts to exposure to honeybees.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.871-884
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• 2009

Gene expression profiling is a useful tool for identifying critical genes and pathways in metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the major differences in the expression of genes associated with metabolism and metabolic regulation in liver and mammary tissues of lactating cows. We used the Michigan State University bovine metabolism (BMET) microarray; previously, we have designed a bovine metabolism-focused microarray containing known genes of metabolic interest using publicly available genomic internet database resources. This is a high-density array of 70mer oligonucleotides representing 2,349 bovine genes. The expression of 922 genes was different at p<0.05, and 398 genes (17%) were differentially expressed by two-fold or more with 222 higher in liver and 176 higher in mammary tissue. Gene ontology categories with a high percentage of genes more highly expressed in liver than mammary tissues included carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, glucoenogenesis, propanoate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, electron carrier and donor activity), lipid metabolism (fatty acid oxidation, chylomicron/lipid transport, bile acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, steroid metabolism, ketone body formation), and amino acid/nitrogen metabolism (amino acid biosynthetic process, amino acid catabolic process, urea cycle, and glutathione metabolic process). Categories with more genes highly expressed in mammary than liver tissue included amino acid and sugar transporters and MAPK, Wnt, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Real-time PCR analysis showed consistent results with those of microarray analysis for all 12 genes tested. In conclusion, microarray analyses clearly identified differential gene expression profiles between hepatic and mammary tissues that are consistent with the differences in metabolism of these two tissues. This study enables understanding of the molecular basis of metabolic adaptation of the liver and mammary gland during lactation in bovine species.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.56-59
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2010

Metabolites of urine samples from 6 colorectal cancer patients were analyzed by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, where the samples were collected before and after the surgical treatments per patient. NMR data were analyzed with the help of the metabolome database and the statistics software. Urine samples before and after the treatments showed significantly different metabolic profiles from each other. We were able to compare 10 different metabolites. Most of the assigned metabolites of every patient showed a tendency of increase after the surgery except for a few cases. The amount of changes in individual metabolites varied significantly from patient to patient, but the combination of such changes could be used to distinguish the condition before the surgery from after, which could be done by PCA analysis. The analysis via $^{1}H-^{13}C$ HSQC spectra proved to be applicable in assessing and classifying global metabolic profiles of the urines from colorectal cancer patients.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.294-300
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• 2009

Activation tagging that uses T-DNA vectors containing multimerized transcriptional enhancers from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S gene is a powerful tool to determine gene function in plants. This approach has been successfully applied in screening various types of mutations and cloning the corresponding genes. We generated an activation tagged hairy root pool of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in an attempt to isolate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenoside (triterpene saponin), which is known as the major active ingredient of the root. Quantitative and qualitative variation of ginsenoside in activation tagged hairy root lines were profiled using LC/MS. Metabolic profiling data enabled selection of a specific hairy root line which accumulated ginsenoside at a higher level than other lines. The relative expression level of several genes of triterpene biosynthetic pathway in the selected hairy root line was determined by real time RT-PCR. Overall results suggest that the activation tagged ginseng hairy root system described in this study would be useful in isolating genes involved in a complex metabolic pathway from genetically intractable plant species by metabolic profiling.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 2013

Leaves from Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean origin and Chinese origin of Korean ginseng) and P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) were harvested in Haenam province, Korea, and were analyzed to investigate patterns in major metabolites using HPLC-based metabolic profiling. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to analyze the the HPLC chromatogram data. There was a clear separation between Panax species and/or origins from different countries in the PLS-DA score plots. The ginsenoside compounds of Rg1, Re, Rg2, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd in Korean leaves were higher than in Chinese and American ginseng leaves, and the Rb1 level in P. quinquefolius leaves was higher than in P. ginseng (Korean origin or Chinese origin). HPLC chromatogram data coupled with multivariate statistical analysis can be used to profile the metabolite content and undertake quality control of Panax products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.832-848
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• 2006

Systems biology has recently become an important research paradigm that is anticipated to decipher the metabolic, regulatory, and signaling networks of complex living organisms on the whole organism level. Thus, various research outputs are being generated, along with the development of many tools and resources for systems biology research. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the current resources and tools for systems biology research that will hopefully be helpful to researchers involved in this field. The resources are categorized into the following five groups: genome information and analysis, transcriptome and proteome databases, metabolic profiling and metabolic control analysis, metabolic and regulatory information, and software for computational systems biology. A summary table and some future perspectives are also provided.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.413-423
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng berries (GBs) show temporal metabolic variations among different maturation stages, determining their organoleptic and functional properties. Methods: We analyzed metabolic variations concomitant to five different maturation stages of GBs including immature green (IG), mature green (MG), partially red (PR), fully red (FR), and overmature red (OR) using mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomic profiling and multivariate analyses. Results: The partial least squares discriminant analysis score plot based on gas chromatography-MS datasets highlighted metabolic disparity between preharvest (IG and MG) and harvest/postharvest (PR, FR, and OR) GB extracts along PLS1 (34.9%) with MG distinctly segregated across PLS2 (18.2%). Forty-three significantly discriminant primary metabolites were identified encompassing five developmental stages (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05). Among them, most amino acids, organic acids, 5-C sugars, ethanolamines, purines, and palmitic acid were detected in preharvest GB extracts, whereas 6-C sugars, phenolic acid, and oleamide levels were distinctly higher during later maturation stages. Similarly, the partial least squares discriminant analysis based on liquid chromatography-MS datasets displayed preharvest and harvest/postharvest stages clustered across PLS1 (11.1 %); however, MG and PR were separated from IG, FR, and OR along PLS2 (5.6 %). Overall, 24 secondary metabolites were observed significantly discriminant (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05), with most displaying higher relative abundance during preharvest stages excluding ginsenosides Rg1 and Re. Furthermore, we observed strong positive correlations between total flavonoid and phenolic metabolite contents in GB extracts and antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Comprehending the dynamic metabolic variations associated with GB maturation stages rationalize their optimal harvest time per se the related agroeconomic traits.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.56-59
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• 2000

Thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus NUB3621, was engineered to produce ethanol from glucose by introducing cloned thermostable pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase genes. A novel promoter sequence was screened and used for the enhancement of these two enzymes. Successful redirection of metabolic flux into ethanol was obtained. In addition, gene expression profiling using Bacillus subtilis DNA microarray was analyzed to overcome the intrinsic low glucose utilization of B.stearothermophilus. Many known and unknown genes were identified to be up or down regulated under glucose-containing media.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.388-393
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• 2016

Although brown adipose tissue is important with regard to energy balance, the molecular mechanism of brown adipocyte differentiation has not been extensively studied. Specifically, regulation factors at the level of protein modification are largely unknown. In this study, we examine the changes in the expression level of enzymes which are involved in protein lysine methylation during brown adipocyte differentiation. Several enzymes, in this case SUV420H2, PRDM9, MLL3 and JHDM1D, were found to be up-regulated. On the other hand, Set7/9 was significantly down-regulated. In the case of SUV420H2, the expression level increased sharply during brown adipocyte differentiation, whereas the expression of SUV420H2 was marginally enhanced during the white adipocyte differentiation. The knock-down of SUV420H2 caused the suppression of brown adipocyte differentiation, as compared to a scrambled control. These results suggest that SUV420H2, a methyltransferase, is involved in brown adipocyte differentiation, and that the methylation of protein lysine is important in brown adipocyte differentiation.