• 성인간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify the mental health and self-care activities according to perceived stress level in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The descriptive survey design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and fifty-two diabetic participants with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Students' t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: The high, moderate, and low stress groups according to perceived stress score consisted of 30.9%, 38.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. Differences of mental health and total self-care activities among the three groups were statistically significant. Depression (F=46.73, p<.001), trait anger (F=5.75, p<.01), and anger expression-in (F=4.60, p<.01) of participants in the high stress group were higher than other groups, whereas the total of self-care activities (F=2.85, p<.05) and exercise (F=3.49, p<.05) were lower than other groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome with a high stress level were low in self-care activities along with elevated depression and anger.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2016

Objectives: We investigated the associations of sarcopenia-defined both in terms of muscle mass and muscle strength-and sarcopenic obesity with metabolic syndrome. Methods: Secondary data pertaining to 309 subjects (85 men and 224 women) were collected from participants in exercise programs at a health center in a suburban area. Muscle mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and muscle strength was measured via handgrip strength. Sarcopenia based on muscle mass alone was defined as a weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass index more than two standard deviations below the mean of a sex-specific young reference group (class II sarcopenia). Two cut-off values for low handgrip strength were used: the first criteria were <26 kg for men and <18 kg for women, and the second criteria were the lowest quintile of handgrip strength among the study subjects. Sarcopenic obesity was defined as the combination of class II sarcopenia and being in the two highest quintiles of total body fat percentage among the subjects. The associations of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity with metabolic syndrome were evaluated using logistic regression models. Results: The age-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) of metabolic syndrome being compared in people with or without sarcopenia defined in terms of muscle mass were 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.47, p=0.008) in men and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.19, p<0.001) in women, which were found to be statistically significant relationships. The RRs of metabolic syndrome being compared in people with or without sarcopenic obesity were 1.31 in men (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.56, p=0.003) and 1.17 in women (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.25, p<0.001), which were likewise found to be statistically significant relationships. Conclusions: The associations of sarcopenia defined in terms of muscle mass and sarcopenic obesity with metabolic syndrome were statistically significant in both men and women. Therefore, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity must be considered as part of the community-based management of non-communicable diseases.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.788-794
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• 2011

Purpose: Reduced heart rate variability significantly increases cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome increases the cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Recently, increasing cardiovascular mortality has been reported in patients with schizophrenia. This study was done to compare heart rate variability between adults with and without schizophrenia and to compare the relationship of heart rate variability to metabolic syndrome in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study in which 719 adults without schizophrenia and 308 adults with schizophrenia took part between May and June 2008. We measured the following: five-minute heart rate variability; high-frequency, low-frequency, the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency, and the Standard Deviation of all the normal RR intervals. Data was also collected on metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting glucose. Results: The Standard Deviation of all the normal RR intervals values of heart rate variability indices were $1.53{\pm}0.18$. The low-frequency and high-frequency values of heart rate variability indices were significantly higher in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia ($3.89{\pm}1.36$; $3.80{\pm}1.20$) than those in the healthy participants ($2.20{\pm}0.46$; $2.10{\pm}0.46$). There were no significant differences between the schizophrenic patients with and without metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that schizophrenia patients have significantly lower cardiac autonomic control, but they have significantly higher low-frequency and high-frequency values than those of healthy adults. Use of antipsychotic drug may affect the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenic patients. Metabolic syndrome was not associated with cardiac autonomic control in schizophrenia patients.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.22-32
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• 2016

Purpose: This study is intended to analyze factors of metabolic syndrome and vitamin D deficiency with resources obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V conducted in 2010. Methods: The subjects were 870 adolescents aged from 10 to 18 who participated in the first KNHANES V. Secondary data analysis was done by Chi-square, ANOVA, correlation analysis and simple linear regression. Results: The influencing factors of metabolic syndrome were vitamin D, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, which were statistically significant. Simple linear regression was conducted to identify the influence of vitamin D on the factors related to metabolic syndrome, which showed that waist size (t=-1.97, p<.05), systolic blood pressure (t=-2.88, p<.01), and diastolic blood pressure (t=-5.72, p<.001) were influenced by vitamin D. In addition, each factor decreased by .131, .209, and .355, respectively, when vitamin D increased by one unit. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is a factor to be considered in order to improve adolescent health and form adolescent health behaviors. Schools, families, and local communities should cooperate with each other on the foundation of a regular health screening process and systematic health education programs. In addition, it is expected enhanced physical activities and sports club participation can prevent metabolic syndrome and increase vitamin D among adolescent.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the readability and suitability of printed educational materials related to metabolic syndrome in South Korea. Methods: Data were collected on 15 educational materials on metabolic syndrome from public health centers in Seoul. The 9 Graded Korean Vocabulary Classification and Korean version of SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials) were used for the readability evaluation and the suitability evaluation respectively. Results: Overall average of the readability was 3.0th grade level. The percentage of 1st to 4th grade words was 79.4%. The printed educational materials on metabolic syndrome were written according to recommended reading levels. In suitability assessment, 2 out of 15 materials(13.3%) were scored as superior, 12 materials(80.0%) were scored as adequate and only 1 (6.7%) was scored as inadequate. The total average score of suitability was adequate. However, there are limitations in "summary and review" and "context is given first" due to limited writing pages. Conclusion: Readability and suitability of educational materials for metabolic syndrome were evaluated as adequate level. However, future health educational materials should be evaluated for readability via different factors including length of sentences, numbers of sentences, and structure of sentences. In addition, for easier understanding and motivation of readers, materials should use summary & review, context and proper interaction.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and factors associated with it among elders in a rural community. Methods: Data were collected from 683 subjects with a questionnaire, physical measurement, and blood test. The prevalence of the MS was determined by AHA/NHLBI and waist circumference cutoff points for Koreans. Results: The prevalence of the MS was 50.5% in total (41.6% in men, 56.3% in women) while the prevalence of 5 metabolic risk factors was 67.7% for elevated blood pressure, 51.0% for low HDL-cholesterol, and 50.2% for abdominal obesity. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of the MS included family history, BMI, and physical activity; significant factors associated with that of metabolic components included family history, BMI, smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Especially, a higher BMI was a strong risk factor of the prevalence of abdominal obesity as well as the MS and its components. Conclusion: The findings indicate that nurses should care for elders based on each metabolic component regarding its prevalence level and concentrate primarily on reducing elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol by controlling the main risk factor, abdominal obesity through lifestyle modification.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.409-418
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• 2010

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the effects of a regular walking exercise program on metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms among the elderly with diabetic mellitus (DM) based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Methods: This study has randomized and stratified experimental design with experimental and control groups. We developed a regular walking exercise program suitable for the elderly with DM based on the guidance of AAHPERD. The experimental group participated in the regular walking exercise program, which contains walking exercise 3 times a week and 50 minutes each time for 3 months and education on controlling diet and preventing complications once a week and 20 minutes each time for 4 weeks. Post-test was conducted after 3 months to estimate metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms. Results: The regular walking exercise program was effective for decreasing the waist size, the level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride (TG), cardiovascular risk factors and the severity of depressive symptoms among the elderly with DM. Conclusion: The incidence of complications would be decreased by applying a regular walking exercise program.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.451-460
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of a health education program based on social cognitive theory on university students with risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 88 students who had at least 2 risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome (47 students for the experimental and 41 for the control group). The health education program consisted of thirteen sessions. Knowledge regarding smoking and alcohol drinking, self-efficacy and self-esteem were evaluated. t-test, $x^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, and paired t-test were conducted to analyze the data. SPSS/WIN 19.0 Statistics program was used. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in self-efficacy in the experimental group compared to the control group. No significant changes in knowledge and self-esteem were found. Conclusion: The results suggest that the health education program for university students was partially effective. Further work is required to develop more effective health education programs.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2009

Objectives : The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between lifestyle-implementation and metabolic syndrome in an electronics research and development company, and to provide a foundation for health providers of health management programs for setting priorities. Methods : From July 1 to July 16, 2008 we carried out a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Consecutive workers of one R & D company in Seoul, Korea (N=2,079) were enrolled in study. A checklist for lifestyle (from the National Health Insurance Corporation) consisted of questions regarding diet, drinking, smoking and exercise. After the survey, researchers obtained data from health profiles for metabolic syndrome(waist-circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar level). Lifestyle was recorded as good or not good. Statistical analysis of metabolic syndrome and the lifestyle of subjects was done using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results : The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our study gropu was 13.3% (N=277). After adjustment for age, the adjusted odds ratios (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals) for metabolic syndrome increased in proportion to the number of bad habits: two (1.72, 1.23-2.44), three (2.47, 1.73-3.56), and four (3.63, 2.03-6.34). Relative to subjects eating both vegetables and meat', the OR for 'meat' eaters was 1.66 (1.18-2.31). Compared with 'nonsmokers and ever-smoker', the OR for 'current-smoker' was 1.62 (1.25-2.10). Compared with 'Healthy drinker', the OR for 'unhealthy drinker' was 1.38 (1.05-1.83). Conclusions : Poor lifestyle was associated with an increased likelihood of metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that lifestyle-based occupational health interventions for young employees should include a specific diet, smoking cessation, and healthy-drinking programs.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2016

본 연구는 대사증후군의 위험요인과의 관계를 분석함을 통해 대사증후군 및 심혈관 질환의 효과적인 예방 관리 체계 수립을 위한 근거자료를 제시하고, 대사증후군 환자 교육과 직장인의 만성질환에 관한 중요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 우리나라 직장인의 건강검진 결과를 통하여 건강관련 행위, 흡연 음주 등과 운동이 대사증후군에 미치는 영향력을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 조사대상은 서울에 기반한 전문 건강검진센터에서 직장의료보험으로 검진을 받은 직장인 291명으로 하였다. 본 연구의 자료는 직장인 건강검진 내용을 바탕으로 하였다.연구방법으로는 SPSS/Win Program ver 20.0을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 독립변수와 종속변수와의 관계를 분석하기 위하여 F-test 검증 및 ANOVA test를 실시하였으며, 연관성의 검증을 위해서는 $x^2$(Chi-square) 검증을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 직장인 291명 중 대사증후군 유병률이 19.2%로 나타났고, 흡연행태로 인한 대사증후군 유병률의 비흡연 그룹은 12.7%, 과거 흡연 그룹 중에서 가볍게 흡연했던 그룹은 25.0% 중흡연 그룹은 25.9%, 현재 흡연 그룹 중에서 경흡연 그룹은 29.7% 중흡연 그룹 26.7%로 분석되었다. 결과적으로, 본 연구는 직장인의 흡연과 음주 생활형태가 직장인의 대사증후군 유병률과 밀접한 융합적 관련성이 있음을 시사하고 있다.