• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2008

Objectives This study was designed to analyze the clinical studies on Mental retardation(MR) in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Methods For this study, we searched the clinical studies on MR, which had been published from 2003 to 2007, through web site CNKI(中國知識基礎設施工 http://www.cnki.net). There were 17 clinical studies and we focused on those studies. Results 1. In those Chinese studies, they used following words to describe Mental retardation; 小人弱智($xi\check{a}o\acute{e}rru\grave{o}zh\grave{i}$), 智能發育不全($zh\grave{i}n\acute{e}ngf\bar{a}y\grave{u}buqu\acute{a}n$), 智力低下($zh\grave{i}l\grave{i}d\bar{i}xi\grave{a}$), 精神發育遲滯($j\bar{i}ngsh\acute{e}f\bar{a}y\grave{u}ch\acute{i}zh\grave{i}$), 智能落后($zh\grave{i}n\acute{e}nglu\grave{o}h\grave{o}u$), 智能落后($zh\grave{i}n\acute{e}ngch\acute{i}hu\check{a}n$), 失天愚型患人($xi\bar{a}nti\bar{a}ny\acute{u}x\acute{i}nghu\grave{a}n'\acute{e}r$). 2. There were many kinds of TCM treatment methods for MR, such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, electroacupunture, acupoint injection, Chuna therapy, and special education. And those TCM treatments methods showed higher efficacies in the treatment of MR compared with Western medicine. 3. Mental retardation was related with the deficiency of heart, kidney, liver, spleen(心虛, 腎虛, 肝虛, 脾虛) and the pathological mechanism of Phlegm(絹) and Blood stasis(慫沂)in the studies about the Bian Zheng-the types of differential diagnosis- of MR. 4. Most of studies used Intelligence Quotient(IQ) to assess the efficacy of TCM treatment of MR. And the duration of treatment, the degree of illness, the age of patient, and the cause of illness affected the prognosis of MR. Conclusions These results suggest that traditional medicine could be one of the useful treatments on MR. And these results could be used in the clinical practices and studies on MR in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권10호
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• pp.1026-1030
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• 2006

Mental retardation(MR) is one of the most common developmental disabilities, which is characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functions. Most children with MR have cognitive limitation in the mild range. With respect to the etiology, it is believed that genetic and environmental factors are interrelated and show variable pictures. Most children with MR present with speech and language delay during the early years. The diagnosis can be made by clinical features and neuropsychological tests of intelligence and adaptive functioning. The treatment is limited, but many associated problems are amenable to multidisciplinary interventions. The article will review the recent advances in the management of MR and other neurodevelopmental disorders in children.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제56호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2005

In this study, children with MR were compared with normal children in overall production rate and production types of six semantic categories of negation. For this purpose, 10 children with MR and another 10 language-age matched normal children were selected. The results of this study were as the following: First, the children with MR showed significantly low overall production rate, compared with normal children. Two groups demonstrated signifiant differences in denial, disability, ignorance, prohibition and rejection except nonexistence. Second, in production type, the children with MR tended to use more gestures, and in comparison, normal children used more 'mixed types'.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a day-hospital treatment program designed to help development of children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and mental retardation (MR). Methods : Retrospective review of the charts of 32 children (28 with PDD, 4 with MR), who participated in a day-hospital treatment program of Seoul Metropolitan Eunpyeong Hospital, from October 2008 to February 2012, was conducted. Development level of each patient was evaluated according to the Psycho-Educational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Social Maturity Scale (SMS), and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Evaluation was done at two points, before participation and after 1 year participation. Results : Children who participated in the day-hospital treatment program showed significant improvement in all categories of PEP-R, SMS, and CARS. Conclusion : Day-hospital treatment program is effective for helping development of children with PDD and MR.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of various treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy, educational-behavioral therapy, and complementary alternative treatment for children with mental retardation (MR) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Korea. Methods : The sample consisted of 50 parents who have children with MR (N=28) or ASD (N=22) : 38 boys, 12 girls ; mean age 14.06 (4.14) years old. A questionnaire was composed of the experienced modality, duration, cost, satisfaction, etc. Results : According to the results, 56.0%, 100.0%, and 36.0% of children with MR or ASD have experienced pharmacological treatment, educational-behavioral therapy and complementary alternative medicine (CAM), respectively. Children who experienced educational-behavioral therapy and CAM experienced 3.52 kinds of education-behavioral therapy and 2.78 kinds of CAM, respectively. Monthly cost of pharmacological treatment was lowest among three modality categories. Regarding treatment satisfaction by parental report, the lowest score was recorded for CAM. Conclusion : Parents who have a child with MR or ASD are trying many treatment modalities and feeling the burden of their treatment.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1025-1029
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• 2007

It is widely assumed that Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by inherent disposition and environmental factor. IQ is estimated by age-conversion score and stabilized around age 4 and IQ of adult age can be predicted after age 10. Though children with Mental Retardation (MR) are delayed in language development since early infant period, they receive only special education including speech and language therapy, but no special medication. In traditional Korean medicine, the etiology and treatment for developmental delay of language have been handed down for a long time. Some studies on herbs and prescriptions for improving language development have been undertaken recently. We have found several cases of significant elevation of IQ in the children treated with long term medications of Korean herbal medicine for improvement of language. Analyzing these cases, especially performance IQ showed significant change. Therefore we suggest that Korean herbal medicine might improve cognition development in children with MR.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.209-213
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• 2014

Purpose: Pathologic aerophagia (PA) may lead to bowel perforation or volvulus in mentally retarded patients. The authors investigated the effects of clonazepam on the management of PA in children with severe to profound mental retardation (MR). Methods: This study was undertaken as a retrospective case analysis of 21 PA patients with MR who were followed for over 12 months and diagnosed as having PA. Patients were assigned to two management groups, that is, to a clonazepam randomized open-labeled, treatment group or a reassurance group. The following were recorded and analyzed; age, response, remission rate to clonazepam treatment, and the side effect of clonazepam. It was defined positive response (response+) as being symptom-free for a whole week within 1 month of commencing treatment and remission(+) as being symptom-free for a whole month within 6 months of treatment. Results: The average age of the 21 PA children with MR was 10 years and 13 patients were female. Symptom duration before diagnosis of PA was 7 months. Clinical features of the clonazepam-trial group (n=11) and the reassurance group (n=10) were non-significantly different. Response(+) was achieved by 2 patients (18.2%) in the clonazepamtrial group and by no patient in the reassurance group. Remission(+) was achieved by 6 patients (54.5%) in the clonazepam-trial group and by one patient (10%) in the reassurance group (p=0.040). Conclusion: When PA children with MR with severe bowel distention are considered for surgical treatment to prevent acute abdomen, a trial of clonazepam could be recommended.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.815-826
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• 2000

본 연구는 사람의 뇌에 대한 자기공명영상에서 백질과 회백질을 분리하고 각각의 체적을 산출하기 위한 것이다. 일반적으로 치매나 다운증후군 같은 정신질환의 경우 백질 또는 회백질의 위축으로 인해 체적이 감소하게 되므로, 사람의 뇌에 대하여 백질과 회백질의 체적 산출을 통한 크기의 변화를 추적함으로서 여러 정신질환의 진단 및 조기 발견에 유용하게 이용될 수 있다. 그러나 일정한 두께의 단면을 촬영하여 단일의 명암 값으로 표현하는 자기공명영상기기의 특성상 번짐 현상을 보이는 자기공명영상으로부터 원래의 두께 안에 존재하는 각 성분의 부분체적을 산출할 수 없음으로 인해 백질과 회백질의 체적산출이 현재까지 불가능하였다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 번짐(blurred)을 보이는 자기공명영상에서 번진 명암 값을 해석하는 새로운 알고리즘에 의해 백질과 회백질의 부분체적을 산출하고, 이를 근거로 자기공명영상에서 백질과 회백질을 분리하기 위한 판별값을 결정하였으며, 결정된 판별값에 의해 분리된 영상에서 백질과 회백질의 체적을 산출하였다. 또한 제안된 알고리즘의 검증을 위해 인위적으로 생성된 모델에 알고리즘을 적용하여 산출된 결과를 원래의 모델과 비교하여 보았다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.188-195
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• 2012

Objectives:This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a day-center treatment program to promote development of children with pervasive development disorder (PDD) and pervasive development disorder/mental retardation (PDD/MR). Methods:Twenty five children (14 in the PDD group and 11 in the PDD/MR group) participated in a day-center treatment program. They had been enrolled in the whole program for 2-3 years. Their performance was evaluated according to the Preschool Language Scale (PRES), Social Maturity Scale (SMS), and Korean version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). They were grouped by diagnosis at the beginning of the program and the treatment effect was compared. Results:Children who participated in the day-center treatment program showed a significant increase in their PRES and SMS scores and a decrease in their CARS scores. Conclusions:A day-center treatment program is effective for development of children with PDD and PDD/MR.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.202-207
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• 2000

연구목적은 우식발생률이 높은 시기인 초등학교와 중고등학교 연령군의 정신지체장애인과 정상인의 우식경험도를 비교 조사하는 것이었다. 서울시와 평택시의 특수학교에 재학 중인 정신지체장애인 250명과 성남시의 정상인 210명을 연구대상으로 하였다. 구강검사를 통해 우식경험도를 조사하고, 보호자를 대상으로 연간 치과방문 횟수, 우식예방진료 경험, 칫솔질 행동 등을 설문 조사하였다. 우식경험치 수(dmft+DMFT)는 정신지체장애인이 3.28로서 정상인의 4.66보다 유의하게 적었다. 우식치 수(dt+DT)는 정신지체장애인이 2.24로서 정상인의 1.50보다 유의하게 많았으나, 충전치 수(ft+FT)는 정신지체장애인이 0.71로서 정상인의 3.06보다 유의하게 적었다. 충전치율(ft+FT rate)은 정신지체장애인이 19.78%로서 정상인의 58.89%보다 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.01). 정신지체장애인의 연간 치과방문 횟수는 한 번도 방문하지 않은 경우가 51.2%로서 가장 많았고 평균은 1.15회이었으며, 우식 예방진료를 받은 경우는 38.0%이었다. 정신지체장애인의 1일 칫솔질 횟수는 평균 2.16회이었고, 1회 칫솔질 시간은 1분이 41.0%, 2분이 37.3% 등이었으며, 스스로 칫솔질을 하는 경우가 51.2% 보호자가 칫솔질을 대신해 주는 경우가 35.5%, 보호자의 도움을 받으며 하는 경우가 13.3%이었다.