• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.456-463
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• 2011

The present study examined the effects of Korean white ginseng (WG, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) on the learning and memory function and the neural activity in rats with trimethyltin (TMT)-induced memory deficits. The rats were administered with saline or WG (WG 100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 21 days. The cognitive improving efficacy of WG on the amnesic rats, which was induced by TMT, was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze test and by performing immunohistochemistries on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The rats treated with TMT injection (control group) showed impaired learning and memory of the tasks, but the rats treated with TMT injection and WG administration produced significant improvement of the escape latency to find the platform in the Morris water maze at the 2nd and 4th days compared to that of the control group. In the retention test, the WG 100 and WG 300 groups showed significantly increased crossing number around the platform compared to that of the control group (p < 0.001). Consistently with the behavioral data, result of immunohistochemistry analysis showed that WG 100 mg/kg significantly alleviated the loss of BDNF-ir neurons in the hippocampus compared to that of the control group (p < 0.01). Also, treatment with WG has a trend to be increased the cholinergic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas as compared to that of the control group. These results suggest that WG may be useful for improving the cognitive function via regulation of neurotrophic activity.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2014

The present study examined the effects of soybean-derived phosphatidylserine (SB-PS) on the learning and memory function and the neural activity in rats with trimethyltin (TMT)-induced memory deficits. The cognitive improving efficacy of SB-PS on the amnesic rats, which was induced by TMT, was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze test and by performing cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) immunohistochemistry. A positron emission tomography (PET) scanning the rat brain was by performed administer 18F-Fluorodeoxy-glucose (18F-FDG). The rats with TMT injection showed impaired learning and memory of the tasks and treatment with SB-PS produced a significant improvement of the escape latency to find the platform in the Morris water maze at the 2nd day compared to that of the MCT group. In the retention test, the SB-PS group showed increased time spent around the platform compared to that of the MCT group. Consistent with the behavioral data, SB-PS 50 group significantly alleviated the loss of acetyl cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus compared to that of the MCT group. Treatment with SB-PS significantly increased the CREB positive neurons in the hippocampus as compared to that of the MCT group. In addition, SB-PS groups increased the glucose uptake in the hippocampus and SB-PS 50 group increased the glucose uptake in the frontal lobe, as compared to that of the MCT group. These results suggest that SB-PS may be useful for improving the cognitive function via regulation of cholinergic marker enzyme activity and neural activity.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제18A권4호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2011

본 연구는 플래시 메모리 기반의 고성능 SSD (Solid State Disk) 구조를 위하여 디스크 참조 특성에 적응적으로 구동하는 효율적인 버퍼 구조와 구동 기법을 설계한다. 기존 SSD는 삭제동작 횟수의 제약은 물론 읽기와 쓰기 동작에 대하여 비대칭적인 성능을 보이는 특징을 갖고 있다. 이러한 삭제동작 횟수와 쓰기 동작의 지연시간을 최소화 하기 위해서는 다중 플래시 메모리 칩들에 대해 쓰기 동작은 병렬적으로 수행하는 정도를 최대화하여 운영하여야 한다. 따라서 플래시 메모리 칩들에 대한 인터리빙 레벨 (interleaving level)을 최대화 하기 위하여, 본 논문에서는 혼합 위치 사상 기법 (hybrid address mapping)과 슈퍼 블록 (super-block) 기반의 SSD 구조에 대하여 성능 증대와 증가된 장치 수명을 제공하기 위한 효율적 버퍼 구조를 제안한다. 제안한 버퍼구조는 응용 수행특성을 기반으로 최적의 임의/순차쓰기를 구분하며, 수행 성능에 중요한 순차쓰기 정도의 크기를 증대시키는 동적 융합 방법, 구동되는 버퍼구조와 사상 테이블의 효율적인 관리 구조를 설계하였으며, 이를 통해 기존의 단순한 버퍼 운영기법에 비하여 35%의 성능향상을 제공한다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.77-79
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• 2004

최근 잠상산물 추출물인 BF-7이 기억력과 학습력 개선에 크게 유용하다는 연구결과들이 보고되고 있다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구는 과연 이 BF-7이 일반적인 학생들의 학습력 및 인지력 개선을 유도하는지 여부를 재확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구결과 3주 동안의 BF-7 복용(매일 400mg)으로, 평균 IQ 10 이상의 증가를 보였다. 이의 의학적 검증을 위하여, SPECT를 이용하여 두뇌의 인지기능과 학습력 등을 담당하는 부위의 혈류량 개선을 살펴봄으로써 이런 개선효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과 parahippocampal gyrus 와 medial temporal area부위 즉 학습 관련한 두뇌부위의 혈류량과 글루코오스 사용량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 BF-7의 복용은 효과적으로 두뇌의 활성을 유도하여, 인지기능과 기억력, 학습력 증진 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2020

본 연구는 심층학습 기법인 Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)를 이용하여 지하수위를 예측 후 표준지하수위지수(Standardized Groundwater level Index, SGI)를 산정함으로써 미래 가뭄 발생 가능성의 분석을 목적으로 하고 있다. LSTM 모형을 이용하여 금호강 유역의 지하수위를 미래 3년에 대해 예측을 하였으며, 예측시 최근 3년을 제외한 관측 자료로 학습 후 RMSE를 통해 검증하였다. 예측 자료와 관측 자료를 이용하여 시간적 SGI를 산정하였다. 산정된 SGI는 연구 지역 내 보간을 하였고, 보간된 SGI는 소유역별 평균값으로 공간적 SGI를 산정하였다. 산정된 시공간적 SGI를 이용하여 시공간적 가뭄 발생 가능성에 대해 분석하였다. 시공간별로 가뭄 발생 가능성에서 차이가 발생하는 것을 확인하였다. 향후 심층학습 모형의 개선 및 검증 방법의 다양화를 통해 신뢰성이 더욱 높은 예측 결과를 도출할 수 있고, 연구 적용 지역의 확대를 통해 전국적인 가뭄 대응 정책에 활용이 될 수 있으며, 더 나아가 미래 수자원 관리 차원에서 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2006

Objectives : We investigated the effects of Liriopis Tuber on the nervous protection. Methods : We measured the reaction behavior with EPM(Elevated Plus Maxe) and MWM(Morris Water Maze) after applying restraint stress to rats. Also, the degrees of AchE generation were measured with immunohistochemical method in the regions of hippocampus, and the degree of TH generation in the regions of VTA and LC, respectively. Results : 1. As the results of measuring how long EPM which reflects anxiety reaction stayed in the open arm, there was the trend which can suppress anxiety reaction in the MMD+stress group(Liriopis Tuber+stress) but no statistical significance. The counting results how many EPM passed between opened and closed arm showed suppression trend against a physical activity in the saline+stress group but there was no statistical significance. 2. According to the result of MWM, the saline+stress group showed the learning retardation which means increased time arriving at goal compared to ti1e normal group at the second and third day of measurement. On the contrary, a learning retardation was significantly decreased in the MMD+stress group. Among the probe trial test a memory loss occurred in the saline+stress group, meanwhile memory ability was notably increased in the saline-stress group. 3. The degree of TH generation was investigated at the VTA and LC respectively after test animals treated with drug. In the saline+stress group, TH-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased, and these stress-induced TH increases were suppressed in the saline+stress group at the VTA region. However, the saline+stress group did not show any significant difference. 4. the degree of AchE generation was investigated at the CA3 of hippocampus. The saline+stress group showed that AchE-immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased. Those stress-induced reductions of AchE cells were meaningfully recovered in the saline+stress group. Although the cells showed recovery trend in the region of CA1 of hippocampus, statistical significance was not observed. Conclusion : The results of our study indicate that Liriopis Tuber can improve spatial memory ability of rats applied a restraint stress. This improvement of the spatial memory ability is considered to have an efficacy of nervous protection that Liriopis Tuber suppresses the generation of AchE in the hippocampus region and enhances the generation of TH in the VTA.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2017

Background: Chong-Myung-Tang (CMT) extract is widely used in Korea as a traditional herbal tonic for increasing memory capacity in high-school students and also for numerous body ailments since centuries. The use of CMT to improve the learning capacity has been attributed to various plant constituents, especially black ginseng, in it. Therefore, in this study, we have first investigated whether black ginseng-enriched CMT extracts affected spatial learning using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Their molecular mechanism of action underlying improvement of learning and memory was examined in vitro. Methods: We used two types of black ginseng-enriched CMT extracts, designated as CM-1 and CM-2, and evaluated their efficacy in the MWM test for spatial learning behavior and their anti-inflammatory effects in BV2 microglial cells. Results: Our results show that both black ginseng-enriched CMT extracts improved the learning behavior in scopolamine-induced impairment in the water maze test. Moreover, these extracts also inhibited nitric oxide production in BV2 cells, with significant suppression of expression of proinflammatory cytokines, especially inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and $interleukin-1{\beta}$. The protein expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ pathway factors was also diminished by black ginseng-enriched CMT extracts, indicating that it not only improves the memory impairment, but also acts a potent anti-inflammatory agent for neuroinflammatory diseases. Conclusion: Our research for the first time provides the scientific evidence that consumption of black ginseng-enriched CMT extract as a brain tonic improves memory impairment. Thus, our study results can be taken as a reference for future neurobehavioral studies.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.847-857
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• 2018

악성코드의 수가 가파르게 증가하면서 기업 및 공공기관, 금융기관, 병 의원 등을 타깃으로 한 사이버 공격 피해 사례가 늘어나고 있다. 이러한 흐름에 따라 학계와 보안 업계에서는 악성코드 탐지를 위한 다양한 연구를 진행하고 있다. 최근 들어서는 딥러닝을 비롯해 머신러닝 기법을 적용하는 형태의 연구가 많이 진행되는 추세다. 이 중 합성곱 신경망(CNN: Convolutional Neural Network), ResNet 등을 이용한 악성코드 분류 연구의 경우에는 기존의 분류 방법에 비해 정확도가 크게 향상된 것을 확인할 수 있다. 그러나 타깃 공격의 특징 중 하나는 사용된 악성코드가 불특정 다수를 상대로 광범위하게 퍼뜨리는 형태가 아닌, 특정 대상을 타깃으로 한 맞춤형 악성코드라는 점이다. 이러한 유형의 악성코드는 그 수가 많지 않기 때문에 기존에 연구되어온 머신러닝이나 딥러닝 기법을 적용하기에 한계가 있다. 본 논문은 타깃형 악성코드와 같이 샘플의 양이 부족한 상황에서 악성코드를 분류하는 방법에 대해 다루고 있다. 메모리가 추가된 신경망(MANN: Memory Augmented Neural Networks) 모델을 이용하였고 각 그룹별 20개의 소량 데이터로 구성되어 있는 악성코드 데이터셋에 대해 최대 97%까지 정확도로 분류할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2018

BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: Neuroinflammation plays critical role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the effect of three licorice varieties, Glycyrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and Shinwongam (SW) on a mouse model of inflammation-induced memory and cognitive deficit. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and orally administrated G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW extract (150 mg/kg/day). SW, a new species of licorice in Korea, was combined with G. uralensis and G. glabra. Behavioral tests, including the T-maze, novel object recognition and Morris water maze, were carried out to assess learning and memory. In addition, the expressions of inflammation-related proteins in brain tissue were measured by western blotting. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in spatial and objective recognition memory in LPS-induced cognitive impairment group, as measured by the T-maze and novel object recognition test; however, the administration of licorice ameliorated these deficits. In addition, licorice-treated groups exhibited improved learning and memory ability in the Morris water maze. Furthermore, LPS-injected mice had up-regulated pro-inflammatory proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, via activation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF{\kappa}B$) pathways in the brain. However, these were attenuated by following administration of the three licorice varieties. Interestingly, the SW-administered group showed greater inhibition of iNOS and TLR4 when compared with the other licorice varieties. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain of LPS-induced cognitively impaired mice that were administered licorice, with the greatest effect following SW treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The three licorice varieties ameliorated the inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction by down-regulating inflammatory proteins and up-regulating BDNF. These results suggest that licorice, in particular SW, could be potential therapeutic agents against cognitive impairment.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.812-818
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• 2016

본 연구는 칼슘 배합 비율에 따른 초석잠이 scopolamine 치매유도 흰쥐의 기억손상 개선효과에 대하여 연구하였다. 칼슘 배합 비율별(S, 1CS, 5CS군)로 군을 나누어 Y자 미로와 수중미로를 통한 행동실험을 실시한 결과, Y자 미로 실험에서 5CS군이 N군과 비교하였을 때 유사한 수치를 보이며 공간 인지기능을 개선시켰고, 수중미로 실험 또한 CS군의 escape latency가 감소하여 N군과 유사한 수치를 보여 기억력 및 학습능력 개선에 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 아세틸콜린 함량과 아세틸콜린에스테라제의 활성을 측정한 결과, CS군은 아세틸콜린에스테라제의 활성을 저해함으로써 뇌 조직 내 신경전달물질인 아세틸콜린의 함량을 증가시켜 뇌 신경세포 활성화 효과를 통해 인지기능 개선 효과를 유도할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 해마를 병리조직학적으로 관찰한 결과, 앞선 결과와 유사하게 손상 정도가 심하여 많은 수의 응축된 신경세포가 관찰된 C군에 비하여 CS군은 응축된 신경세포 수가 현저하게 감소하여 신경세포 손상을 억제한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 칼슘 배합 비율에 따른 초석잠은 scopolamine 치매유도 흰쥐모델에서 기억력, 학습능력 및 인지능력 개선에 효과적으로 작용하는 천연물 유래 기능성 소재로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.