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http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2018.12.3.191

Comparison of the effect of three licorice varieties on cognitive improvement via an amelioration of neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice  

Cho, Min Ji (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Kim, Ji Hyun (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Park, Chan Hum (Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA)
Lee, Ah Young (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Shin, Yu Su (Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA)
Lee, Jeong Hoon (Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA)
Park, Chun Geun (Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA)
Cho, Eun Ju (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Publication Information
Nutrition Research and Practice / v.12, no.3, 2018 , pp. 191-198 More about this Journal
Abstract
BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: Neuroinflammation plays critical role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the effect of three licorice varieties, Glycyrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and Shinwongam (SW) on a mouse model of inflammation-induced memory and cognitive deficit. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and orally administrated G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW extract (150 mg/kg/day). SW, a new species of licorice in Korea, was combined with G. uralensis and G. glabra. Behavioral tests, including the T-maze, novel object recognition and Morris water maze, were carried out to assess learning and memory. In addition, the expressions of inflammation-related proteins in brain tissue were measured by western blotting. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in spatial and objective recognition memory in LPS-induced cognitive impairment group, as measured by the T-maze and novel object recognition test; however, the administration of licorice ameliorated these deficits. In addition, licorice-treated groups exhibited improved learning and memory ability in the Morris water maze. Furthermore, LPS-injected mice had up-regulated pro-inflammatory proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, via activation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF{\kappa}B$) pathways in the brain. However, these were attenuated by following administration of the three licorice varieties. Interestingly, the SW-administered group showed greater inhibition of iNOS and TLR4 when compared with the other licorice varieties. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain of LPS-induced cognitively impaired mice that were administered licorice, with the greatest effect following SW treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The three licorice varieties ameliorated the inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction by down-regulating inflammatory proteins and up-regulating BDNF. These results suggest that licorice, in particular SW, could be potential therapeutic agents against cognitive impairment.
Keywords
BDNF; cognitive dysfunction; glycyrrhiza; Glycyrrhiza uralensis; inflammation;
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