• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of landscape details in representing symbolic images in memorials on the themes of war, tragedy, and the democratization movement. In considering the characteristics of memorial landscapes, the researcher divided the characteristics of landscape details into 3 analysis categories. They are the symbolic application of landscape elements, the embodiment of landscape details, and the organization of landscape details to represent symbolic images, for example, memory, mourning, reflection, healing, glory, and identity. Among details in 24 memorials designed in or after 1970. 133 symbolic details were selected including 64 items in Korea. The analysis revealed that among 30 elements used by designers for memorialization, walls, ponds, sculptures were used more often than other elements in representing the meaning of mourning, reflection, and healing that are the basic function of memorial. In regard to detail form, the designers used basic shapes like circles, squares and rectangles, horizontal and vertical lines to heighten the symbolic effect of shapes in confined form. Stone and water utilized from nature were also used as main materials because of their materiality meaning of death, eternity, life, and healing. The techniques of using lighting, fire, and sound were introduced to make details more effective. Details were organized in harmony and repetition to represent the flew of time and space in symbolic images. The study identified the following characteristics of memorial landscapes in Korea that were different from other country first, in designing memorials, most designers in Korea have been more focused on the organization of space than the details in memorials, and so, they have been neglecting to deliver symbolic image through detail design, while depending mainly on the introduction of art works. Lastly, because they introduced traditional elements which have little relation with the symbolic image needed, there have been many details which inaccurately represent symbolic meanings.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2004

in seaside was emphasized on mainly visual elements such as monumental sculptures, towers, landscape and so on. But a memorial space in seaside has peculiar and various sound environments comparing with other spaces. In that sense, there are many rooms to improve soundscape of the space by adding suitable sounds to or by subtracting unsuitable sounds from a memorial space.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.17-33
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• 2003

This study focuses on design method of the memorial park for the improvement of the funeral culture in Korea. Through the comparative analysis between domestic and overseas cases, this study articulates the issues that should be taken into consideration in the design of memorial park and categorizes such issues in accordance with their types. According to comparative analysis, the characteristics of domestic and overseas cases can be summed up as follows. Most of the overseas cases can be characterized with creative concepts and images in their designs because designs are not only based on the issues articulated in this study but also show a various patterns issue by issue. On the other hand, domestic cases do not show differentiated images from others, which results from the uniform design that disregards the issues articulated in this study. The memorial park for the future should be designed to play a significant role of citizens´ park under the new conceptual framework. Therefore, the issues articulated from this study should be reflected in the design of memorial park. In addition, various types by issue should be introduced to design of memorial park. The purpose of this study is to suggest basic criteria for the design of future pattern, not simply to compare the strength and weakness of different types. This study has a limitation in that it does not offer comprehensive information of what types of memorial park will coincide with the Korean's collective sentiment. Therefore, impending tasks of further researches should involve the opinion and preferences of citizens concerning the design of memorial park.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2004

Cherishing the dead is based in sadness. Designing a memorial space therefore has an inherent challenge to evoke the feeling that is so personal and varied by providing a physical space. The tendency of memorials, especially in the US after the mid 20th century, has been to emphasis each dead individual, as seen at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D. C., the Oklahoma City National Memorial in Oklahoma City, and so forth. In the process of designing the memorial of the Taiwanese Chi-chi earth-quake, Cheng Kim Park Robidoux tried to set up a series of spaces through which not only the relatives of the dead but also unrelated visitors could have their own spatial experiences, private rituals and public events, so that they can finally build up a collective memory. Sky-Well consists of a large bamboo forest enclosing a void. Without a particular entrance and guiding system, visitors stroll and get lost in the bamboo forest before they find the central void. The horror they experienced during the earthquake is melted down into the motion and phenomenology of the bamboo forest whereas the central void is reinterpreted as an empty mind, where people find solace from the sky. Details, such as the bamboo wall to place commemorative flowers and lotus blossom paving, are echoing the theme of rebirth.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.40-49
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• 1996

The judgement of how good a memorial park is designed in terms of representing symbolic meanings through moonument depends on whether it decisively reflects peoples' common value and affection to specific event or place of the park. It is in fact, not easy to define the kind of value and affections peoples have in mind for the park. It is likely that most park design concepts are primarily based on designer' subjective view of the world by which the public is expected to understand, accept, and eventually share the common symbolic meanings of the park. AS memorial park design as the works of art might be appreciated not only in view of artistic performance of designer but in terms of its social meaning of the newly defined space. Two cases of park designs by author include issues on conceptual alternatives, experience of memorial space, symbolic use of materials, and perspectives on the direction of contemporary park design. It is noteworthy that authentic approaches should be challenged for a new way in which symbolic meanings could be given in rather contradictory style.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1028-1031
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• 2004

This study aims to design soundscape of a memorial space with seaside view. So far, a memorial space in seaside was mainly emphasized on the visual elements such as monumental sculptures, towers, landscape and so on. But a memorial space in seaside has particular and various sound environments comparing with other places. In that sense, there are many rooms to improve soundscape of the space by adding suitable sounds or by subtracting unsuitable sounds to a memorial space

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.98-108
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 한국에 있는 6 25전쟁 기념공간에 나타난 기념적 표현을 분석하는 것으로 기념공간에서 구현되는 기념의 내용, 공간적 특성, 도입요소, 조각 및 건축물의 특성에 대하여 분석하고, 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 하여 6 25전쟁 기념공간에 나타난 기념문화에 관하여 고찰하였다. 본 연구를 위해 한국에 있는 6 25전쟁과 관련된 현충시설 659개를 1차 검색하여 부지가 전적지이거나 전쟁과 관련된 장소성이 있으며, 외부공간이 조성된 17개소를 선정하고 현장조사를 시행하였으며, 설계도면, 사진, 기사 등 관련자료를 수집하여 분석에 활용하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 기념내용에 있어서는 희생자를 추모하고 전공을 기리며, 6 25전쟁의 경험 및 교육을 통하여 호국정신을 고양하는데 초점이 두어졌으며, 특히 전적지에 위치한 기념공간에서 이러한 경향이 강하게 나타나고 있다. 2. 부지의 입지여건과 전통적 공간인식에 따른 공간적 위계를 고려하였으며, 기념공간에서 요구되는 엄숙함을 얻기 위해 축적인 구성을 하고, 추모감과 전승감을 얻기 위해 중심축 상단에 기념탑이나 전시관과 같은 상징적 요소를 위치시켜 공간을 구성하는 방법을 취하였다. 3. 희생자를 추모하고 전공을 기리기 위한 기념비와 기념탑, 전쟁의 경험 및 교육을 통해 호국정신을 고양하기 위한 기념전시관 및 야외무기전시장, 그리고 참전국가의 명예를 고양하기 위한 국기가 주요한 요소로 도입되었다. 4. 영웅적인 전투장면을 묘사한 근대적 조각이 많았으나 양구전쟁기념관 및 유엔기념공원의 '추모명비'에서는 상징적이거나 추상적인 표현을 시도하는 현대적 기념공간의 경향을 보여주었다. 5. 기념문화에 있어서도 애국주의 및 이데올로기가 강조되고, 기념공간에 대한 관습적인 인식이 강하게 드러났으며, 일부의 조각가 및 설계가만 기념공간의 설계에 참여하였다. 향후 6 25전쟁 기념공간에 관한 미니멀리즘, 해체주의, 탈근대주의 등의 설계양식론 관점과 다른 전쟁메모리얼과 비교를 통한 통시적 관점(通時的 觀點)의 연구가 필요하다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2014

The Saemaeul Movement, which is the representative national campaign of Korea aimed at the development of local communities, has drawn a great deal of attention from home and abroad and formed an element of Korea's national brand since 2000. Accordingly, this research was conducted for the purpose of constructing a memorial park in Shindo Village, Cheongdo County, North Kyoungsang Province, which is a home to the Saemaeul Movement. As the Saemaeul Movement is benchmarked by many countries around the world today, this research aims to communicate the spirit and social value of the movement and disseminate its effects of local community development in rural areas through the construction of a memorial park. In this study, the design motive of the memorial park was conceived through the historical review and case studies of the Saemaeul Movement. In parallel, theoretical study was also conducted on design techniques as the basis of this research. In consideration of the characteristics of a technical article, this research was conducted in several phases. In the first phase, the conditions of the site where the park construction was planned were analyzed and the direction of its development was set. In the second phase, the main theme and the basic principles of planning were established, and the contents of the park construction project were devised in detail. In the last phase, a comprehensive plan was established, including a space layout to accommodate activities, facilities and programs to be introduced to the park. The park construction site ($106,000m^2$) was divided into four zones (memorial zone, historical theme park, education zone and experience zone) based on circulation planning aimed at creating memorial space, and was linked to eco-friendly ecological space in consideration of environmental features. At a time when the Saemaeul Movement is being propagated across the world, the result of this study will help create a place for its memorial and play a pivotal role to boost international movements aimed at promoting co-prosperity across the global village. It will also bear significance as an example of theme-based park construction in a rural area and the invigoration of a local community.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.12-24
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 미국에 있는 한국전쟁 메모리얼의 설계요소인 설계개념, 공간적 특성, 조경디테일 및 조각의 특성을 분석하고, 메모리얼에 나타난 기념성을 고찰하는 것이다. 연구를 위해 현장답사, 문헌연구 및 사례연구, 인터넷 검색을 통하여 외부공간 설계가 이루어진 25개의 연구대상지를 선정하였으며, 이를 대상으로 평면도, 위성사진, 관련사진을 수집 하여 분석하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 한국전쟁 메모리얼에서 나타나는 주요한 개념으로 희생자 추모, 지역 부대 국가의 명예 고양, 집단적 헌신과 정체성 등을 기본으로 하여 전쟁의 의미와 감정, 한국전쟁의 사실적 묘사 및 상징적 표현이 나타났다. 2. 한국전쟁 메모리얼은 기념공원이나 광장의 제한된 부지에 조성되어 독립적인 공간의 완성을 추구하였다. 공간형태 다양하여 원형이나 사각형 형태가 축을 이루는 것이 많이 나타났지만 일부 부정형도 있었으며, 공간적 연속성과 같은 간적 질서가 일부 메모리얼에서 나타났다. 3. 조경디테일은 희생자를 추모하기 위한 요소로서 기념벽과 기념석, 집단의 정체성을 나타내기 위한 기(旗)와 엠블렘 (emblem)이 주로 사용되고 있었다. 또한 한반도 지도 및 태극문양이 한국과 한국전쟁을 상징하기 위해 자주 도입되었으며, 잊혀진 한국전쟁을 기억하고 미군의 한국참전의 타당성과 의미를 나타내고자 'Forgotten War(잊혀진 전쟁)'과 'Freedom is not Free(자유는 거저 얻어지는 것이 아니다)'가 사용되었다. 4. 조각은 기념성을 다양하게 구현하기 위한 중요한 매체로서 활용되었다. 주로 사실적인 조각이 사용되었고, 일부는 추상적 형태를 갖는 것도 있었으며, 한국전쟁을 상징적이고 은유적으로 표현하였다. Washington D.C. 한국전쟁 참전용사 메모리얼(Korean War Veterans Memorial: KWVM)이나 Minnesota 한국전쟁 메모리얼(Korean War Memorial: KWM)의 조각은 현대적인 메모리얼의 상징적 매체로서 뛰어났다. 향후 한국과 미국에 있는 한국전쟁 메모리얼의 비교문화적 연구와 설계양식론 관점에서 메모리얼의 특성에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2001

This paper presents a landscape design for the citizen plaza around the ˝Woojeongchongkuk˝(the 1st Korean postal building) where the ˝Gapsinjeongbyeon˝(1844 coup d´etat) occurred and which was once used as the ˝Jeoneoigam˝(a palace hospital). The site is located in 39 Kyeonji-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, and of which area is about 2,013$m^2$. The landscape design goals are to build traditional spaces which fit the traditional buildings and where people feel the old atmosphere; to build interesting spaces where people can learn the post and telegraphic history; and to build nature-friendly green rest spaces in the city. To achieve these goals, symbolic, traditional, educational, historical, and environmentally-friendly concepts are developed. With this concept the space is divided into two axis of the pst and telegraph of Korea. Along the two axis the Postage Stamp ˝Madang˝(yard), the Letter Garden, the Telegraphic ˝Ddeul˝(garden), the Communication Plaza, and the ˝Jeoneoigam˝(old palace hospital) and the ˝Gapsinjeongbyeon˝(1884 coup d´etat) Memorial Place are arranged. The Postal Stamp Madang which symbolizes the first Korean postage stamp is a space for studying history and evolution of stamps in Korea. The Letter Garden which symbolizes and formalizes a letter paper is composed with white bamboo trees which are planted linearly and long granite benches on which famous letters are carved. In the Telegraphic Ddeul which symbolizes the telegraph, the history of the telegraphic instrument and the telephone is exhibited. In the Communication Plaze which symbolizes future post and telegraph service extending to the world, the images of satellite communication, internet, webmail etc. are exhibited. The Jeoneoigan, and the Gapsinjeongbyeon Memorial Place is for memorializing the historic place and events. Throughout the whole place, various models and ceramic picture tiles about the post and telegraph and exhibited for effective education. In conclusion, sustainable management schemes for the site are suggested.