• 멤브레인
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1999

상업용 PDMS(polydimethylsiloxiane) 복합막과 플라즈마 처리된 PP(polypropylene)막을 사용하여 투과증발에 의한 알코올 농축을 수행하였고, 공정 조업 변수에 따른 영향을 조사하였다. PDMS막에 대한 부탄올의 친화력과 물의 친화력보다 크기 때문에 공급액의 부탄올 농도가 증가함에 따라 투과량의 선택도가 모두 증가하였다. 조업 온도가 증가함에 따라 고분자 사슬내의 자유 부피)free volume)가 증가하고 막에 대한 알코올과 물의 용해도 및 확산계수도 증가하여 투과량은 증가하였지만, 선택도는 감소하였다. PDMS 막과 용해도 계수(solubility parameter)값의 차가 적은 알코올일수록 높은 투과량과 선택도를 나타내었다. PP막을 메탄올로 플라즈마 처리한 경우 PDMS 복합막과 유사한 분리효율을 나타내면서도 투과량은 6배나 증가하였다. 플라즈마 처리 시간에 따라 투과량과 선택도는 모두 향상되었으나 일정 시간 이후에는 기공의 막힘 현상으로 투과량은 감소하였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2005

폴리에틸렌 정밀여과 모세관막을 이용한 벤토나이트 콜로이드 현탁액의 투과유속 감소특성을 검토하였다. 운전시간이 경과하면서 투과유속이 감소되는 원인은 막표면 위에서 케익층의 성장과 입자들에 의한 세공막힘 때문이었으며, 운전시간이 경과하여 정상상태에 도달하면 투과유속은 케익여과 모델에 의해 지배받는다. 운전압력이 높은 경우의 투과유속 감소는 세공막힘과 케익층이 치밀해졌기 때문이다. 운전압력이 증가함에 따라 J/J₁는 감소하였으며, 0.5 kg/sub f//㎠일 때의 45%, 2.0 kg/sub f//㎠일 때 38%로 감소하였다. 운전압력 0.5 kg/sub f//㎠에서 총 막오염에 대한 성분오염의 비율은 표준세공막힘 14.6%, 완전세공막힘 23.4% 그리고 케익여과 62.0% 이었다. 순환흐름속도의 증가로 인해 투과유속은 증가하였고, 그 효과는 운전압력이 1.0 kg/sub f//㎠일 때가 운전압력 2.0 kg/sub f//㎠ 경우보다 컸다. 세공크기가 0.34 ㎛인 막의 투과유속은 세공의 크기가 0.24 ㎛인 막보다 컸으며, 용액의 농도에 따른 투과유속은 농도가 낮은 용액이 컸다. 세공크기가 0.34 ㎛인 막의 막오염 형태는 유사하지만 농도가 200 ppm인 용액의 경우 1000 ppm인 용액에 비하여 상대적으로 미약한 세공막힘 현상을 보였다.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2005

PP hollow fiber membrane was hydrophilized by EVOH dip coating followed by low temperature plasma treatment and UV irradiation. EVOH coating attained high water flux without any prewetting but its stability did not guaranteed at high water permeation rate. At high water permeation rate, water flux declined gradually due to swelling and delamination of the EVOH coating layer causing pore blocking effect. However, plasma treatment reduces the swelling, which suppress delamination of the EVOH coating layer from PP support result in relieving the flux decline. Also, UV irradiation helped the crosslinking of the EVOH coating layer to enhance the performance at low water permeation rate. FT-IR and ESCA analyses reveal that EVOH dip coating performed homogeneously through not only membrane surface but also matrix. Thermogram of EVOH film modified plasma treatment and W irradiation show that crosslinking density of EVOH layer increased. Chemical modification by plasma treatment and UV irradiation stabilized the hydrophilic coating layer to increase the critical flux of the submerged membrane.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2019

Membrane distillation (MD) is one of the water treatment processes which involves the momentum, heat and mass transfer through channels and membrane. In this study, CFD modeling has been used to simulate the heat and mass transfer in the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Also, the effect of operating parameters on the water flux is investigated. The result shows a good agreement with the experimental result. Results indicated that, while feed temperature is increasing in the feed side, water flux improves in the permeate side. Since higher velocity leads to the higher mixing and turbulence in the feed channel, water flux rises due to this increase in the feed velocity. Moreover, results revealed that temperature polarization coefficient is rising as flow rate (velocity) increases and it is decreasing while the feed temperature increases. Lastly, the thermal efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation is defined, and results confirm that thermal efficiency improves while feed temperature increases. Also, flow rate increment results in enhancement of thermal efficiency.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2013

A process diagnosis method for membrane water treatment plant was developed using a constant flux membrane fouling model. This diagnosis method can be applied to a real-field membrane-based water treatment plant as an early alarming system for membrane fouling. The constant flux membrane fouling model was based on the simplest equation form to describe change in trans-membrane pressure (TMP) during the filtration cycle from a literature. The model was verified using a pilot-scale microfiltraton (MF) plant with two commercial MF membrane modules (72 m2 of membrane area). The predicted TMP data were produced using the model, where the modeling parameters were obtained by the least square method using the early plant data and modeling equations. The diagnosis was carried out by comparing the predicted TMP data (as baseline) and real plant data. As a result of the case study, the diagnsis method worked pretty well to predict the early points where fouling started to occur.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2002

A bench-scale anoxic membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a ceramic crossflow ultrafiltration module, was evaluated to treat a synthetic wastewater containing alkaline hydrolysis byproducts (hydrolysates) of RDX, The wastewater was formulated the same as RDX hydrolysates, and consisted of acetate, formate, formaldehyde as carbon sources and nitrite, nitrate as electron accepters. The MBR system removed 80 to 90% of these carbon sources, and approximately 90% of the stoichiometric amount of nitrate, 60% of nitrite. The reactor was also operated over a range of transmembrane pressures, temperatures, suspended solids concentration, and organic loading rate in order to maximize treatment efficiency and permeate flux. Increasing transmembrane pressure and temperature did not improve membrane flux significantly. Increasing biomass concentration in the bioreactor decreased the permeate flux significantly. The maximum volumetric organic loading rate was $0.72kg\;COD/m^3/day$, and the maximum F/M ratio was 0.50 kg N/kg MLSS/day and 1.82 kg COD/kg MLSS/day. Membrane permeate was clear and essentially free of bacteria, as indicated by heterotrophic plate count. Permeate flux ranged between 0.15 and $2.0m^3/m^2/day$ and was maintained by routine backwashing every 3 to 4 day. Backwashing with 2% NaOCl solution every fourth or fifth backwashing cycle was able to restore membrane flux to its original value.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.501-510
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• 2017

In this study, it is estimated that ceramic membrane process which can operate stably in harsh conditions replacing existing organic membrane connected with coagulation, sedimentation etc.. Jar-test was conducted by using artificial raw water containing kaolin and humic acid. It was observed that coagulant (A-PAC, 10.6%) 4mg/l is the optimal dose. As a results of evaluation of membrane single filtration process (A), coagulation-membrane filtration process (B) and coagulation-sedimentation-membrane filtration process (C), TMP variation is stable regardless of in Flux $2m^3/m^2{\cdot}day$. But in Flux $5m^3/m^2{\cdot}day$, it show change of 1-89.3 kpa by process. TMP of process (B) and (C) is increased 11.8, 0.6 kpa each. But, the (A) showed the greatest change of TMP. When evaluate (A) and (C) in Flux $10m^3/m^2{\cdot}day$, TMP of (A) stopped operation being exceeded 120 kpa in 20 minutes. On the other hand, TMP of (C) is increased only 3 kpa in 120 minutes. Through this, membrane filtration process can be operated stably by using the linkage between the pretreatment process and the ceramic membrane filtration process. Turbidity of treated water remained under 0.1 NTU regardless of flux condition and DOC and $UV_{254}$ showed a removal rate of 65-85%, 95% more each at process connected with pretreatment. Physical cleaning was carried out using water and air of 500kpa to show the recovery of pollutants formed on membrane surface by filtration. In (A) process, TMP has increased rapidly and decreased the recovery by physical cleaning as the flux rises. This means that contamination on membrane surface is irreversible fouling difficult to recover by using physical cleaning. Process (B) and (C) are observed high recovery rate of 60% more in high flux and especially recovery rate of process (B) is the highest at 95.8%. This can be judged that the coagulation flocs in the raw water formed cake layer with irreversible fouling and are favorable to physical cleaning. As a result of estimation, observe that ceramic membrane filtration connected with pretreatment improves efficiency of filtration and recovery rate of physical cleaning. And ceramic membrane which is possible to operate in the higher flux than organic membrane can be reduce the area of water purification facilities and secure a stable quantity of water by connecting the ceramic membrane with pretreatment process.

• 멤브레인
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 응고조와 도프조성에 따른 투과특성을 알아보기 위해 첨가제로 PEG, PVP를 사용하였고, 상전이법을 이용하여 PSf 평막을 제조하였다. 고분자의 농도, 첨가제의 농도 그리고 응고조의 조성을 달리하여 제막하였다. 평막의 모폴로지와 수투과도를 각각 FE-SEM과 수투과 테스트 장치를 이용하여 측정하였다. 가장 높은 수투과도(986 L/mh)는 PSf 15 wt%, PEG 25 wt% 그리고 응고조로 물이 사용되었을 경우 나타났다. PSf/PEG조성일때 응고조에 DMAc의 함량이 증가할수록 순수투과도는 급격히 감소하였다. 그러한 결과 첨가제의 함량과 응고조의 조성의 변화가 모폴로지와 수투과 특성에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.166-172
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 산기량의 변화에 따른 임계 투과유속을 투과유속단법으로 측정하였다. 유효 막 면적이 $85cm^2$이고 공칭 세공크기가 $0.4{\mu}m$인 중공사형 막모듈을 MLSS 5,000 mg/L인 활성슬러지 수용액에 침지시켜 투과 실험하였다. 산기시키지 않을 경우 임계 투과유속은 $15.2L/m^2{\cdot}h$로 측정되었으나 산기량을 100에서 1,000 mL/min까지 증가시키면 임계 투과 유속이 20.6에서 $32.5L/m^2{\cdot}h$까지 크게 상승하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.523-528
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 막분리 공정의 전처리 공정으로 응집 공정을 적용할 경우 응집 공정의 적용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였으며 사용된 응집제 종류에 따라 발생하는 금속염이 막오염에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 응집제 종류에 따른 투과 flux 실험결과 응집 공정을 전처리 공정으로 적용할 경우 막의 재질에 상관없이 응집효율이 우수한 PACl의 경우 투과 flux가 높게 나타났으며 전처리 응집 공정의 적용시 급속교반+UF 공정에 비하여 급속-완속교반+UF 공정의 경우 투과 flux 감소율이 낮게 나타났다. 급속교반 공정에 응집제를 첨가할 경우 다양한 형태의 가수분해종이 형성되어졌으며 금속염 응집제가 막오염에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 시간에 따른 투과 flux 실험결과 금속염 응집제에 의한 막오염이 발생하였으며 응집제 주입량이 증가할수록 침전물 형태의 금속염 가수분해종의 발생이 증가하여 투과 flux 감소가 크게 나타났다.