• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.448-455
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• 2023

The azygos vein can be formed as a single root, two roots, and three roots, namely lateral, intermediate and the medial roots respectively. The hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein are the tributaries of azygos vein rather than its left side equivalents. Its variations, especially in young persons without any relevant risk factors, may result in thromboembolic illness. This study aimed to describe the morphological and morphometric variations of azygos system of veins. The present study was conducted on thirty formalin fixed adult human cadavers by dissecting azygos vein from formation to termination and variations were noted. The azygos vein was formed by a single root in 56.7%, by two roots: the lateral root and intermediate root in 36.7% cases and by the lateral root and medial root in 6.6%. The vertebral level of termination of azygos vein was seen at the level of T4 vertebrae in 70% cases, at the level of T3 vertebrae in 20% of cases and at the level of T5 vertebrae in 10% cases. The course of azygos vein was varying in 13.3%. These morphological variations can be useful while performing mediastinal surgery, mediastinoscopy, surgery of the deformations of the vertebral column, neurovascular surgeries of the retroperitoneal organs, disc herniation and fracture of thoracic vertebrae.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제70권2호
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• pp.165-169
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• 2011

Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors of chromaffin cell that originate in the paraganglia of the adrenal medulla. Approximately 10% of pheochromocytomas are found in the extra-adrenal paraganglia and are called paragangliomas. However, cases of middle mediastinal paragangliomas are very rare. In this case, the patient presented with a voice change and a headache. A middle mediastinal soft tissue mass with marked enhancement was detected on computed tomography of the chest. The 24-hour urine catecholamine level was markedly elevated. The middle mediastinal mass was biopsied via mediastinoscopy and the resulting immunohistochemical staining was compatible with a diagnosis of middle mediastinal paraganglioma. The mass was resected surgically and the symptoms were relieved.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 1978

Two hundred and seventeen patients underwent diagnostic rigid bronchoscopy or bionchofiberscopy to evaluate the cytologic diagnosis in the lung cancer patient at the department of chest surgery of Yon-Sei university, college of the medicine from 1971 to 1977 year. One hundred and twenty cases of these patients were taken rigid bronchoscopy and ninety four cases of these patient were taken bronchofiberscopy. Cytologic examination of the sputum was done in 214 cases and sputum cytology was positive in 50 cases [23.4%]. Rigid bronchoscopy was made in 120 cases and this bronchoscopic cytology including bronchial washing and bronchial biopsy was positive in 34 cases [28.5%]. Bronchofiberscopy was performed in 94 cases and was positive in 45 cases [47.5%]. Histopathologically, 41 cases [43.6%] were epidermoid cell carcinoma, 8 cases [8.5%]of undifferentiated cell type, 12 cases [12.8%]of adenocarcinoma, 8 cases [8.5%]of alveolar cell type, and the 25 cases were undetermined. Cytologic examination of the sputum lacks the accuracy of the bronchoscopies in terms of both localization and accurate histologic indentification of the type of neoplasm. Rigid bronchoscope has the advantage of permitting identification of a tumor in a central location and of providing a sufficient amount of biopsy material for accurate diagnosis of carcinoma. However, it has the disadvantage of limiting examination to the larger, more central portions of the tracheobronchial tree. Bronchofiberscope had the advantage of examine upper lobe as well as other portions of the tracheobronchial tree which could not be visualized with the rigid bronchoscopy. A positive diagnosis in bronchofiberscopy was obtained in the highest rate, 47. 8% [45 cases]. A1 last, if a bronchogenic carcinoma is suspected on the basis of either symptoms of an abnormality on the chest film the diagnostic work-up-sputum cytology, bronchial washing, bronchoscopic biopsy, scalene node biopsy, thoracentesis and mediastinoscopy explothoracotomy etc-should precede in an attempt not only to obtain the higher positive diagnosis but also to obtain a tissue diagnosis and to evaluate the stage of the disease and to ascertain the appropriate mode of therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.4169-4173
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• 2014

Background: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is highly accurate in diagnosing mediastinal lymphadenopathies of lung cancer and benign disorders. However, the utility of EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphomas is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of EBUS-TBNA in patients with suspected lymphoma. Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight patients with isolated mediastinal lymphadenopathy and suspected of lymphoma were included in the study. EBUS-TBNA was performed on outpatients under moderate sedation. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA were calculated. Results: Sixty-four patients were diagnosed by EBUS-TBNA, but four patients with non-diagnostic EBUS-TBNA required surgical procedures. Thirty-five (51.5%) patients had sarcoidosis, six (8.8%) had reactive lymphadenopathy, nine (13.3%) had tuberculosis, one (1.5%) had squamous cell carcinoma, two (2.9%) had sarcoma and fifteen (22%) had lymphoma (follicular center cell, large B-cell primary, and Hodgkin lymphomas in three, two, and ten, respectively). Of the 15 lymphoma patients, thirteen were diagnosed by EBUS and two by thoracotomy and mediastinoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA for the diagnosis of lymphoma were calculated as 86.7%, 100%, 96.4%, and 97%, respectively. Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA can be employed in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma, instead of more invasive surgical procedures.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.120-123
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• 2010

기관지성 낭종은 종격동 내에 비교적 흔히 발생하는 선천성 병변으로 대부분 최소침습적인 방법으로 안전하고 효과적으로 치료할 수 있다. 제한적으로 일부 기관지성 낭종의 경우 발생 위치에 따라 종격 동경을 이용하여 부분 혹은 완전 절제술이 가능하다. 저자들은 좌측 하방의 기관주위에 위치하는 기관지성 낭종을 비디오 종격동경을 이용하여 완전 절제 치험하였기에 보고하며, 기술적인 면에서 고찰해 보고자 한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.910-915
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• 1999

Background: Positron emission tomography(PEFT) using fluorine-18 deoxyglucose(FDG), showing increased FDG uptake and retention in malignant cells, has been proven to be useful in differentiating malignant from benign tissues. We indertook the prospective study to compare the accuracy of the whole-body FDG PET with that of the conventional chest computed tomography(CT) for nodal staging of non-small-cell lung cancers(NSCLC). Material and Method: FDG PET and contrast enhanced CT were performed in 36 patients with potentially resectable NSCLC. Each Imaging study was evaluated independently, and nodal stations were localized according to the AJCC regional lymph nodes mapping system. Extensive lymph node dissection(1101 nodes) of ipsi- and contralateral mediastinal nodal stations was performed at thoracotomy and/or mediastinoscopy. Image findings were compared with the histopathologic staging results and were analyzed with the McNema test(p) and Kappa value(k). Result: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CT for ipsilateral mediastinal nodal staging were 38%, 68%, 25%, 79%, and 61%, and those of PET were 88%, 71%, 47%, 95%, and 75%(p>0.05, K=0.29). When analyzed by individual nodal group(superior, aortopulmonary window, and inferior), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CT were 27%, 82%, 22%, 85%, and 73%, and those of PET were 60%, 87%, 92%, and 82%(p<0.05, k=0.27). Conclusion: FDG PET in addition to CT appears to be superior to CT alone for mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.616-623
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• 1994

연구목적: 수술전 전산화 단층촬영상 임파절종대의 소견이 없는 $T_{1-3}N_0M_0$비소세포폐암 환자들을 대상으로 수술전 후 병기의 차이를 비교하여 이들에 있어 수술전 관혈적인 병기판정의 필요성에 대하여 검토하였다. 방법: 경북대학교병원에서 비소세포폐암으로 개흉절제술을 받았던 환자들 가운데 수술전 병기가 $T_{1-3}N_0M_0$인 41명을 대상으로 수술전과 수술후의 병기의 차이를 비교하였다. 결과: 1) 수술전 병기는 I기의 경우 $T_1N_0M_0$ 3예, $T_2N_0M_0$ 32예로 모두 35예였고 IIIa기 ($T_3N_0M_0$)는 6예였다. 종양의 위치는 중심형 폐암 24예, 말초형 폐암 17예였는데 IIIa기는 모두 중심형 폐암이었다. 2) 수술후 병기는 I기의 경우 $T_1N_0M_0$ 2예, $T_2N_0M_0$ 25예로 모두 27예였고 II기의 경우 $T_1N_1M_0$ 1예, $T_2N_1M_0$ 3예로 모두 4예였으며 IIIa기는 $T_3N_0M_0$ 1예, $T_3N_1M_0$ 2예, $T_3N_2M_0$ 4예, $T_2N_2M_0$ 2예로 모두 9예였고 IIIb기($T_4N_1M_0$)는 1예였다. 3) 수술후 T의 변화가 있은 경우는 $T_2$ 32예 가운데 2예는 $T_3$로 $T_3$ 6예중 1예는 $T_4$로 판명되었다. 4) 수술후 $N_1$으로 판명된 경우는 7예였고 $N_2$로 판명된 경우는 6예였다. 5) 수술전 T에 따른 임파절전이는 $T_{1-2}$인 경우는 35예 중 8예($N_1$ 5예, $N_2$ 3예)였고 $T_3$인 경우는 6예중 5예($N_1$ 2예, $N_2$ 3예)로 $T_{1-2}$에 비해 $T_3$에서 임파절 전이빈도가 높았고 $N_2/N_1$비도 높았다 그러나 수술전 $T_{1-2}$경우 종양의 위치에 따른 임파절전이의 차이는 없었다. 6) 41예의 대상환자중 $N_2$ 6예와 $T_4$ 1예를 제외한 34예에서 완전 절제가 가능하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과로 전산화 단층촬영상 임파절종대가 없는 비소세포암의 수술전 병기판정시 수술전 $T_3$에서는 종격동경 검사 등의 관혈적인 병기판정방법이 필요하리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.392-396
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• 2002

배경: 폐암환자의 정확한 병기 판단을 위한 비디오흉강경수술은 흉강내를 직시하며 병변의 의심이 있는 부위의 생김을 실시할 수 있으므로 기존의 방법에 덧붙여 절재술 여부를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각된다. 본 조사의 목적은 폐절제술 전 비디오흉강경수술의 역할을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 대상 및 방법: 흉부전산화단층촬영술등과 종격동경으로 평가를 실시하여 절제술을 하려는 폐암환자에서 개흉전 비디오흉강경술을 실시하였다. 총 37예에서 흉강경수술을 실시하였으며 흉강경수술전 병기는 TNM병기로 1병기 18예, II병기 7예, III병기가 12예였다. 결과: 37예 중 15예는 흉강내 유착, 횡격막 또는 흉벽의 종양침범과 폐문부 종괴의 거대로 인하여 종격동에 접근이 어려워 흉강경수술이 용이치 않아 실시할 수 없었으며 이들 예에서는 전제술 후 병리조직학적으로 6예에서 종격동림프절에 암 전이가 확인되었다. 흉강경수술을 실시한 22예 중 2예는 흉강경수술 전 병기평가에선 N0이었으나 N2로 확인되어 개흉하지 않았고 20예에서는 흉강경수술상 종격동림프절에 천이가 확인되지 않아 절제를 실시하였다. 그러나 이중 5예에서 절제술 후 병리조직학적으로 N2로 확인되었다. 결론: 이상의 결과를 보아 흉막강내의 유착, 흉벽과 횡격막에 종양침범이나 거대종괴등으로 인하여 흉강경을 통한 흉강내 관찰이 어려워 흉강경술을 진행할 수 없는 예들이 많이 있으므로 비디오흉강경술의 적용에 신중을 기하여 할 것이나, 흉강경을 통한 관찰과 생검으로 적은 예들에서지만 불필요한 개흉을 피하는데 도움이 되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2007

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system granulomatous disorder of an unknown etiology and affects individuals worldwide. It is characterized pathologically by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in more than one involved organ. However, pleural involvement of sarcoidosis is rare and there are no reported cases in Korea. Traditionally, sarcoidosis has often been treated with systemic corticosteroids or cytotoxic agents. In particular, chylothorax with sarcoidosis is usually treated with corticosteroid for approximately 3~6 months, followed by repeated therapeutic thoracentesis, talc pleurodesis, dietary treatment, or thoracic duct ligation where needed. We encountered a 46 years old female patient presenting with cough, dyspnea and both hilar lymphadenopathy (stage I) on chest radiograph. The patient was diagnosed with a non-caseating granuloma, sarcoidosis by a mediastinoscopic biopsy. For one month, she had suffered from dyspnea due to right side pleural effusion, which was clearly identified as a chylothorax on thoracentesis. Corticosteroid therapy with dietary adjustment was ineffective. She was treated successfully with a subcutaneous injection of octreotide for 3 weeks and oral corticosteroid. We report a case of successful and rapid treatment of chylothorax associated with sarcoidosis using octreotide and oral corticosteroid.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2003

배경: 흉부 전산화 단층촬영(CT)의 폐암 진단율의 한계로 인하여 최근 폐암에 대한 진단과 병기결정에 양전자단층촬영(PET)이 유정한 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 우리나라 폐암 환자에서 진단 및 병기 결정에 전산화 단층촬영과 양전자단층촬영의 진단율의 차이점과 유용성을 비교하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 6월부터 1999년 12월까지 흥부 X-선 촬영과 CT에서 폐암이 의심퇴거나 진단된 55명에서, 차 장기에서 폐로 전이된 9명과 폐암수술후 재발된 5명을 제외한 41명을 대상으로 수술전 CT와 PET 소견과 종격동경이나 개흉술로 확진된 조직병리 소견을 비교하였다. 결과: 41명 대상환자 중 폐종양의 조직학적 진단은 악성병변이 35례 (편평세포암 19례, 선암 14례, 선편평세포암 2례)있고, 양성병변은 6례였다. 폐종양의 악성여부에 대한 CT와 PET 두가지 검사의 민감도, 특이도, 정확도는 같았으며 각각 100%, 50%, 92.7%였다. 최종적인 병리적 림프 절군 병기는 N0-Nl 31례, N2 8례, N3 2례 였다. 림프절군 병기가 일치하는 경우는 CT가 31례, PET가 28례였고, CT와 PET의 각간 6례에서 병리학적 림프절 병기보나 낮게 평가되었고, CT의 4례, PET의 7례에서 병기보다 높게 평가되었다. 조직검사가 가능했던 108개비 종격동 림프절군 중 18개 림프절군에서 악성으고 나왔고, 종격동 림프절군 침범여부에 대한 CT와 PET의 민감도, 특이도, 정확도는 각각 39.8%, 93.3%. 84.3%와 61.1%, 90.0%, 85.2% 였다. 종격동 림프절군 대한 CT와 PET 검사를 종합하여 같이 분석하였을 때 민감도 77.8%, 특이도 93.3%, 정확도 90.7%이었다. 결론: 폐종양과 림프절군의 병기 설정에 있어 PET검사는 CT와 비교하여 비슷한 유용성이 있는 건사로 사료되며, CT와 PET두 검사를 같이 시행하여 검토할 때 정착도를 높일 수 있다고 여겨진다.