• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.II
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• pp.318-324
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• 2000

Ultrasonic and magnetic resonance imaging systems are used to visualize the interior states of biological objects. These nondestructive methods have many advantages but too much expensive. And they do not give exact color information and may miss some details. If it is allowed to destruct some biological objects to get the interior and exterior information, constructing 3D image from the series of the sliced sectional images gives more useful information with relatively low cost. In this paper, PC based automatic 3D model generator was developed. The system was composed of three modules. One is the object handling and image acquisition module, which feeds and slices objects sequentially and maintains the paraffin cool to be in solid state and captures the sectional image consecutively. The second is the system control and interface module, which controls actuators for feeding, slicing, and image capturing. And the last is the image processing and visualization module, which processes a series of acquired sectional images and generates 3D graphic model. The handling module was composed of the gripper, which grasps and feeds the object and the cutting device, which cuts the object by moving cutting edge forward and backward. Sliced sectional images were acquired and saved in the form of bitmap file. The 3D model was generated to obtain the volumetric information using these 2D sectional image files after being segmented from the background paraffin. Once 3-D model was constructed on the computer, user could manipulate it with various transformation methods such as translation, rotation, scaling including arbitrary sectional view.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.287-295
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• 2012

Purpose: Some of the most representative approaches are to apply next generation technologies to save energy consumption, fully automated control system to appropriately maintain environmental conditions, and autonomous assistance system to reduce labor load and ensure operator's safety. Nevertheless, improvement of upcoming method for soil cultured greenhouse has not been sufficiently achieved. Geometrical complexity of ground in protected crop cultivation might be one of the most dominant factors in design of autonomous vehicle. While there is a practical solution fairly enough to promise an accurate travelling, such as autonomous sprayer guided by rail or induction coil, for various reasons including the limitation of producer's budget, the previously developed sprayer has not been widely distributed to market. Methods: In this study, we developed an autonomous sprayer considering travelling performance on geometrical complexity of ground in soil cultured greenhouse. To maintain a stable travelling and to acquire a real time feedback, common wire with 80 mm thick and body frame and sprayer boom. To evaluate performance of the prototype, tracking performance, climbing performance and spraying boom's uniform leveling performance were individually evaluated by corresponding experimental tests. Results: The autonomous guidance system was proved to be sufficiently suitable for accurate linear traveling with RMS as lower than approximately 10 cm from designated path. Also the prototype could climb $10^{\circ}$ of ground's slope angle with 40 kg of water weight. Uniform leveling of spraying boom was successfully performed within $0.5^{\circ}$ of sprayer boom's slope. Conclusions: Considering more complex pathways and coarse ground conditions, evaluations and improvements of the prototype should be performed for promising reliability to commercialization.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.304-312
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• 2016

Purpose: Soil strength has been measured using a cone penetrometer, which is making it difficult to obtain the spatial data required for precision agriculture. Our objectives were to evaluate real-time horizontal soil strength (RHSS) to measure soil strength in real time while moving across the field. Using the RHSS data, the tillage depth was determined, and the power consumption of a tractor and rotavators were compared. Methods: The horizontal soil-strength index (HSSI) obtained by the RHSS was compared with the cone index (CI), which was measured using a cone penetrometer. Comparison analysis in accordance with the measurement depth that increased at 5-cm interval was conducted using kriged maps at six sensing depths. For tillage control and evaluation of the power consumption, the system was installed with a potentiometer for tillage depth, a torque sensor from the rear axle, and a power take-off (PTO) shaft. Results: The HSSI was lower than the CI, but they were the same at 54.81% of the total grids for the 5-cm depth and at 3.85% for the 10-cm depth. In accordance with the recommended tillage map, tillage operations between 0 and 15 cm left 2.3% and 7% residue cover on the soil, and that between 20 and 10 cm covered a wider utilization of 3% and 18.4%, respectively. When the tillage depth was 15 cm, the comparison result of the power requirements between the PTO and rear axle in terms of control performance revealed that the maximum power requirements of the axle and PTO were 44.63 and 23.24 kW, respectively. Conclusions: An HSSI measurement system was evaluated by comparison with the conventional soil strength measurement system (CI) and applied to a tractor to compare the tillage power consumption. Further study is needed on its application to various farm works using a tractor for precision agriculture.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop the cold chain system by developing optimal phase change materials (PCM). There are some benefits from developing this system such as keeping freshness of agriculture products, saving energy, etc. The major results are as follows. To decide a latent heat material, the characteristics of water, sodium, polyacrylate, ethanol and N-tetradecane are analysed. Also, an insulating material is made by mixing water, nucleating agent and latent heat material, using cementing method. In addition, the sensitivity analysis for developed latent heat material($K_l,\;K_2,\;K_3$) is conducted. For $K_l,\;K_2,\;K_3$ which cans keep latent heat temperature, ranging from $0\;to\;5^{\circ}C,\;5\;to\;10^{\circ}C,\;10\;to\;15^{\circ}C$. it can keeps latent heat temperature at radiant heat (5, 12, $17^{\circ}C$) and transportation latent heat container both melting temperature and amount of latent heat of Kl are $-1.6{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, 326.51 J/g, respectively and freezing temperature and latent heat are $-7.98{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ and 174.18 J/g. and $K_2$ are $7.41{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, 89.80 J/g, respectively and freezing temperature and latent heat are $-2.14{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ and 83.90 J/g. and $K_3$ are $9.54{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, 145.42 J/g, respectively and freezing temperature and latent heat are $0.21{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and 152.48 J/g.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.226-236
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• 1998

본 연구는 오이수확기 개발을 위하여 오이의 인식에 장해가 되는 잎의 부분적인 제거 및 기계화를 위한 재배방식이 오이의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 세가지 형태의 잎제거 방식과 두가지 형태의 정식간격, 그리고 3가지 형태의 줄기 유인방식을 정하여 오이의 전장, 수량과 1등급비율을 측정한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 잎제거 형태에 따른 오이의 생육을 관찰하기 위해서 전장을 측정한 결과, 관행적인 제거방식의 경우, 일정 실험기간동안 평균 52.2cm 생장하였다. 또한, 2일마다 하부잎 하나를 제거한 경우에는 평균 51.5cm 생장하였다. 수확한 오이가 있는 경우 하부의 잎을 모두 제거한 경우에는 평균 51cm가 생장한 것으로 보아 평균 3% 이내의 차이를 보였다. 또한, 24cm, 30cm의 주간간격에 따라서는 각각 평균 50.8cm, 51.8cm의 약 2%정도 생장에 차이를 보였다. 따라서 부분적인 잎제거는 오이의 생장에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단되었다. 2. 판별변수의 하나인 수량과 1등급비율을 잎제거 형태에 따라 비교해 보면, 관행적인 제거방식의 경우, 평균 한주당 2.6개/일 를 수확하였다. 1등급 비율은 56.7%로 나타났다. 또한 2일마다 하부잎 하나를 제거한 경우에는 평균 한주당 2.47개/일의 수확이 있었으며, 1등급 비율은 53.1%로 나타났다. 마지막으로 수확한 오이가 있는 경우 하부의 잎을 모두 제거한 경우에는 한주당 평균 2.48개/일 를 수확하였으며, 1등급 비율이 56.3%로 나타났다. 따라서 수량의 차이는 약 6%정도이고 1등급 비율도 10% 이내로 큰 영향은 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 3. 오이의 주간간격에 따른 수량과 1등급비율을 측정한 결과, 24cm의 경우 한주당 2.3개/일의 평균수확이 되었다. 1등급비율은 59.8%, 30cm의 경우 한주당 평균 2.5개/일을 수확하였으며, 1등급은 57.2%로 나타났다. 따라서 수량은 24cm의 경우가 약간 적었지만 1등급의 비율로 환산하면 크게 차이가 없는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 농가전체 수량을 기준으로 한다면 24cm가 유리하다고 판단되었다. 4. 줄기유인 형식에 따라 수량과 1등급비율을 살펴보면, 관행적인 방법은 평균 한주당 2.9개/일, 42.8%, 직립후횡유인은 평균 한주당 2.2개/일, 61.3%, 직립후 가로줄유인은 평균 한주당 2.2개/일, 54.1%로 나타났다. 따라서 수량과 1등급을 동시에 고려하면, 큰 차이는 없지만, 직립후 횡유인방법과 직립후 가로줄유인의 경우는 오이가 지면에서 상대적으로 상부에 위치하므로 영상인식과 기계화 측면에서 유리할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.III
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• pp.684-689
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• 2000

In harvesting rice and barley using combine, the inclination of the body caused by the irregular surface condition of the field and the soil sinking from the unbalanced weight during the grain collection used to make harvesting operation difficult and even impossible. To overcome such a problem, automatic leveling control system for a combine has been developed and tested. The system was composed of the sensor for measuring left and right inclination of the combine chassis and the hydraulic control system. The adaptability of the control system was investigated by analyzing system response in time domain. And the limit angle of the leveling control was set up to be +/- 7$^{\circ}$. The proposed control and hydraulic power system was implemented to the prototype combine. The prototype combine was designed and built as a separable structure with chassis and track. This paper shows results of the leveling performance tested in the laboratory and the grain field.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2012

Purpose: Accurate monitoring of information from various agricultural vehicles is one of the most important factors for appropriate management strategy of field operations. While there has been a number of study and design on applications of sensors and actuators for data acquisition and control system in tractor, incompatibility between various customized hardware and software has become a major obstacle to the universal deployment in real field operation. International standard for implementation of electronic control unit (ECU) in agricultural vehicles has becoming a mandatory requirement for inter-operation compatibility in the international trade of agricultural vehicle industries. The ISO 11783 standard is basically based upon well known communication technology designated using the controller area network (CAN) bus. While CAN bus could provide 1.0 Mbps of communication speed, the standard only recommended 250 kbps. Methods: This study presents the implementation and evaluation of ISO 11783 for tractor electronic control units (TECU)with a higher transmission rate from multiple ECU than 250 kbps. Throughput and loss rate of the developed prototype were calculated across manipulated bus load for laboratory experimental tests, and the maximum requirement of transmission rate by ISO 11873 was satisfied with lower than 60% of bus load. Results: Field tests with a TECU implemented to process messages from global positioning system (GPS) receiver resulted that the root mean square error of position information was lower than 4 m with 0.5 m/s as a travelling speed. Conclusions: Results of this study represent the utilization of the international standard ISO 11783 to providepractical developments in terms with the inter-operability of TECU.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2018

Almost every hydraulic system is equipped with a pressure relief valve, to maintain working pressure of the system at a pre-determined level. Thus, dynamic characteristics of such a relief valve, in conjunction with other hydraulic components, are important in designing the hydraulic control system. The single stage pressure relief valve is dynamically undesirable, due to relatively low viscous damping, that causes high frequency oscillations. This problem is overcome by introducing orifices in the inner pilot line, and drain line. In this study, for the single stage spool type pressure relief valve, the system equations were derived through an adequate linearisation and several simplifications were made, to use the transfer function formulation technique. All coefficients were evaluated and used, to make some results by using Matlab software. Results of analysis are compared with experimental results. In this study, parameters affecting stability of valve design are determined and suggested relative to the design.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.2725-2730
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• 2003

In this study we present a vibration controller for articulated robots that has flexible joints modeled as a 2-mass system. Most of articulated robots have time varying load inertias for each axis according to its motion. Moreover, the inertias vary drastically; for the base axis of articulated robots it may vary about 10 times of its minimum value. But, for industrial robots and many mechatronic devices, it is desirable to maintain control performance in spite of load inertia variation. So we propose a control gain adjustment rule considering the time-varying nature of load inertia. In this gain-adjusting algorithm, the pole locations are in proportion to the anti-resonance frequency of the 2-mass system. The simulation and experimental results show uniform properties in overshoot in spite of the variation of load.

• 센서학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.425-432
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• 2006

This paper presents a control algorithm for smart actuators that can be used in a 'steer-by-wire' system for next-generation intelligent automobiles. 'Steer-by-wire' is a network-based mechatronic steering system in which mechanical linkages and hydraulics are replaced by electric motors and a digital communication network. The algorithm is designed not only to achieve the capabilities of following the desired steering angles while minimizing the discrepancy between two steering wheels, but also to tolerate an actuator with faults. The proposed algorithm is based on a simple proportional control so that it can be implemented in real-time with a low-cost embedded microcontroller. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is examined using a hardware-in-the-loop simulator consisting of two DC motors and a CAN bus network.