• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.355-360
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 상품과로서 가치가 없어 전량 폐기되고 있는 미숙 무화과를 이용하여 산업적 이용 증대 및 식품 가공용 연육제로의 활용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 미숙 무화과에 부형제인 maltodextrin을 5%, 10% 및 20%를 첨가하여 혼합한 후 분무건조공정을 이용하여 분말화 하였다. 분무건조 분말의 수분함량은 2.59~2.65%였으며 부형제인 maltodextrin 첨가량이 늘어날수록 색도는 L값이 늘고 a와 b값은 줄어드는 경향을 나타내었고 입자크기는 동결건조 분말($209.67{\mu}m$)에 비하여 $22.18{\sim}37.33{\mu}m$로 유의적으로 작고 균일한 크기였다. 수분흡수지수는 maltodextrin 10% 첨가군이 0.11로 가장 낮았으며 수분용해지수는 99.10%로 가장 높았다. 전체적으로는 분무건조 분말이 동결건조 분말에 비해 수분흡수지수는 낮고 수분용해지수는 높은 경향을 나타내어 산업적으로 이용시 분무건조 분말이 동결건조 분말보다 우수할 것으로 사료된다. 미숙 무화과 분말의 protease 활성은 동결건조 분말(0.92 unit/g)이 분무건조 분말(0.48~0.84 unit/g)보다 유의적으로 높은 활성을 나타내었으나, in vitro 인체 내 소화 모델에 대한 protease 활성은 분무건조 분말에서만 효소 활성이 나타나 낮은 pH에서도 안정함을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 실험결과, 미숙 무화과 분말 제조시 동결건조보다는 maltodextrin을 10% 혼합하여 제조된 분무건조 분말에서 protease활성이 우수하였으며 향후식품가공용 연육제로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.580-586
• /
• 2000

Data collected between 1981 and 1991 at the Philippine Carabao Center at Central Luzon State University (PCC-CLSU) were used for the comparison of growth, milk yield and draughtability of Murrah-Philippine crossbred and Philippine native buffaloes. Body weights and body measurements were available at 3-month intervals from birth to 36 months of age for a total of 34 $Murrah{\times}Philippine$ native buffalo F1 crossbreds (CBB; 21 cows, 13 bulls) and 32 Philippine native buffaloes (PNB; 16 cows, 16 bulls). Lactation records were available for 14 CBB and 19 PNB cows. Data for draughtability under wet and dry ploughing conditions were available for 4 CBB and 4 PNB steers. The results indicate that crossbreds grow faster (0-9 months of age: cows $442{\pm}19$ vs. $301{\pm}21g/day$, bulls $305{\pm}23$ vs. $296{\pm}21g/day$; 9-36 months of age: cows $227{\pm}10$ vs. $147{\pm}12g/day$, bulls $282{\pm}13$ vs. $138{\pm}12g/day$), mature earlier and produce more milk (1st lactation: $1139{\pm}153$ vs. $450{\pm}112kg$; 2nd lactation: $1115{\pm}132$ vs. $488{\pm}136kg$) than native buffaloes, but have a poorer draughtability (wet ploughing; force as % of body weight $8.8{\pm}0.2$ vs. $12.2{\pm}0.6$; dry ploughing: cut depth $10.98{\pm}0.25$ vs. $11.92{\pm}0.13cm$, velocity $0.50{\pm}0.03$ vs. $0.60{\pm}0.02m/sec$, force as % of body weight $9.0{\pm}0.6$ vs. $11.3{\pm}0.7$). The correlation coefficients between body weight and body measurements at birth and at 3-month intervals indicate that heart girth has a relatively high correlation with body weight, especially in crossbreds. It is concluded that in Philippine smallholder farming systems in which meat and milk production are secondary to draught power, the native buffalo is preferable from the point of view of input needed to maintain the number of animals kept for a required draught force.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.195-203
• /
• 1990

Thirty-six yearling (18 bulls, 18 heifers) swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with average liveweight $177{\pm}26kg$, were randomly allotted to receive 6 dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). Factor A assigned for two types of straw; untreated rice straw (RS) and urea-treated (5%, w/w) rice straw (UTS). Factor B assigned for three ratio of roughage to concentrate (R:C) at 80:20, 50:50 and 20:80. Feeding trial lasted for 9 months during which respective feeds were offered at 3% body weight and adjusted at bi-weekly intervals using corresponding liveweights. Parameters measured under this experiment were feed intake, ruminal fluid for pH, $NH_3-N$, volatile fatty acids (VFA), liveweight change at bi-weekly intervals, carcass characteristics and cost-net profit analysis. It was found that intakes and digestion coefficients of DM, OM, CP except NDF and ADF were improved appreciably when ratio of concentrate increased. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were highest in group fed urea-treated rice straw at R:C levels of 20:80 (551.2 g/d, 10.7 kg/kg) and 50:50 (542.3 g/d, 10.6 kg/kg). It was obvious that FCR was best in the group fed on urea-treated rice straw (13.8 kg/kg) as compared to untreated rice straw fed-group (24 kg/kg). Carcass compositions of buffaloes measured resulted in 48.2 dressing percentage in all treatments offered at R:C levels of 50:50 and 20:80, however, loin eye area were 46.0, 53.6, 50.0 and $54.0cm^2$ for RS and UTS at respective levels of R:C. It was notable that carcass fat content was low which resulted in higher content of lean meat particularly in group fed UTS at 50:50 ratio R:C. Simple cost-net profit analysis was performed, it was found that net profits were obtained as follows 27, 30, -47, 44, 58, 22 $US/hd for respective treatment groups of RS and UTS at respective R:C levels. As shown, the best net profit resulted in group fed UTS at 50:50 R:C level.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제49권4호
• /
• pp.427-435
• /
• 2016

The effects of salt solution and chlorella on the quality of canned oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were evaluated to obtain basic data regarding the processing of two canned oyster products. In canned oyster processing, the shucked oyster meat was steamed for 20 min and then drained. Then, each can (301-3) was filled with 90 g boiled oyster in 60 mL 1.5% salt solution for the control samples or 30 mL 1.5% salt solution and 30 mL chlorella culture medium for the experimental samples. All canned products were sealed using a vacuum seamer and then sterilized to Fo values of 6-12 min in a steam retort system at 118℃. The viable bacteria count, proximate composition, pH, salinity, yield, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), amino-nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), mineral, color value, free amino acid levels, hardness, and sensory evaluation of the two canned products were measured under various sterilization conditions. There were no significant differences in the physical or chemical factors and little difference in the overall acceptance of the control and experimental samples.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.20-26
• /
• 1986

Very little information is available in the literature on storage of fish sauce. Therefore, microbiological and chemical chracteristics during storage and quality of fish sauce were investigated and discussed to present data about the optimum storage condition. The chopped sardine meat was mixed with equal amount of water and $9\%$(w/w) of $75\%$ vital wheat gluten and then hydrolyzed by addition of commercial proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, papaya protease, ficin and a enzyme mixture (Pacific Chem. Co.) for 4 hours at $52.5^{\circ}C$. The reaction mixture was heated for 30 min at $100^{\circ}C$ for enzyme inactivation, pasteurization and color development and then centrifuged for 20 min at 4,000 rpm. Table salt and benzoic acid were added for bacteriostatic effect and stored for 80 days at $15{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The amount of amino-nitrogen and pH of fish sauce were almost unchanged during storage. 2. Mininum concentration of salt for bacteriostatic activity was $9\%$(w/w) regardless of addition of benzoic acid. 3. the yields of amino-nitrogen were $63.1\%$ for the hydrolysate prepared without enzyme, $79.7\%$ for that with bromelain, $69.9\%$ with ficin, $74.3\%$ with papaya pretense, and $78.1\%$ with enzyme mixture, respectively. 4. The contents of amino-nitrogen were $4510.0mg\%$ on the dry basis for the product prepared by autolysis, $5483.2mg\%$ for that prepared with bromelain, $5305.7mg\%$ with ficin, $4994.1mg\%$ with papaya protease and $5582.3mg\%$ with the enzyme mixture, respectively. 5. The contents of crude protein were $51.35\%$ on the dry basis for the product prepared by autolysis and 55 to $59\%$ for prepared with commercial enzymes. 6. The hydrolysate prepared with the enzyme mixture revealed a little stronger meaty taste than any other products. 7. The level of crude protein in residues was still high ($69.5{\sim}77.2\%$ on the dry basis) and might be originated from the added vital wheat gluten.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2005

제주도산 돼지의 품질 특성을 알아보기 위하여 생체중 90∼100 kg(JJ90) 및 110∼120 kg(JJ110)의 일반돼지와 생체중 90∼100 kg(JB90)의 개량 흑돼지 등심에 대한 구성 아미노산과 유리 아미노산 함량, pH, 보수력, 경도, 씹힘성, 색도 및 기호도를 평가하였다. 구성 아미노산 총량은 18.15∼20.22%로 시료들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 모두 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine 및 leucine이 많이 함유되어 있었다. 유리아미노산 총량은 JB90이 0.891%로 JJ90과 JJ110보다 많았으며, taurine, serine, glycine, alanine, valine과 leucine이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 적색도 및 황색도는 JB90이 JJ90과 JJ110보다 유의적으로 높았다. 보수력, 경도, 씹힘성, 다즙성 및 종합적인 기호도는 JJ90보다 JJ110과 JB90이 우수하였으나 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.752-759
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to describe the growth patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in combinations of NaCl and $NaNO_2$, using a probabilistic model. A mixture of S. aureus strains (NCCP10826, ATCC13565, ATCC14458, ATCC23235, and ATCC27664) was inoculated into nutrient broth plus NaCl (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75%) and $NaNO_2$ (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 ppm). The samples were then incubated at 4, 7, 10, 12 and $15^{\circ}C$ for up to 60 d under aerobic or vacuum conditions. Growth responses [growth (1) or no growth (0)] were then determined every 24 h by turbidity, and analyzed to select significant parameters (p<0.05) by a stepwise selection method, resulting in a probabilistic model. The developed models were then validated with observed growth responses. S. aureus growth was observed only under aerobic storage at $10-15^{\circ}C$. At $10-15^{\circ}C$, NaCl and $NaNO_2$ did not inhibit S. aureus growth at less than 1.25% NaCl. Concentration dependency was observed for NaCl at more than 1.25%, but not for $NaNO_2$. The concordance percentage between observed and predicted growth data was approximately 93.86%. This result indicates that S. aureus growth can be inhibited in vacuum packaging and even aerobic storage below $10^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, $NaNO_2$ does not effectively inhibit S. aureus growth.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.495-507
• /
• 2021

Objectives: This study examined regional differences in the intake of dietary total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) and their food sources among Korean adults. We also investigated the associations of SFA intake with metabolic diseases by region. Methods: This study included 13,926 adults (≥ 19y) who participated in the 2016 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The regions were divided into urban and rural areas according to the administrative districts where the participants lived. Using dietary data obtained from a 24-h recall, intake of total fat and SFA and their food sources were assessed by region. Metabolic diseases included obesity, abdominal obesity, and elevated total cholesterol and their association with SFA intake by region were examined using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the participants, 19.6% lived in rural areas. In urban areas, the total fat and SFA intakes were higher than in rural areas: 21.2% of energy (%E) came from total fat and 6.9%E from SFA in urban areas, whereas 18.0%E came from total fat and 5.8%E from SFA in rural areas. The percentage of participants who exceeded the dietary reference intakes for total fat and SFA in urban areas was 16.5% and 41.9%, respectively, but 43.4% of participants in rural areas showed lower intake levels for total fat compared to the reference level. Young adults did not show regional differences in fat intake, and the percentage of subjects who exceeded the reference for SFA was high both in urban (58.5%) and rural (55.7%) areas. Among middle-aged and older adults, intake of fatty acids except for n-3 fatty acid was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 69% of older adults in rural areas showed a lower intake of total fat compared to the reference level. The food sources for total fat and SFA were meat, soybean oil, eggs, and milk in both areas. The intake of fat from eggs, milk, mayonnaise, and bread was higher in urban areas, but the intake of fat from white rice and coffee mix was higher in rural areas. The SFA intake was positively associated with elevated serum total cholesterol in urban areas (4th quartile vs. 1st quartile, OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.40, P for trend: 0.043), but not in rural areas. Conclusions: Regional differences in total fat and SFA intakes and their food sources were observed among Korean adults. Our findings may help plan nutritional strategies to ameliorate regional health disparities.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권9호
• /
• pp.1340-1350
• /
• 2022

Objective: Luxi Black Head sheep (LBH) is the first crossbreed specialized for meat production and was developed by crossbreeding Black Head Dorper sheep (DP) and Small Tailed Han sheep (STH) in the farming areas of northern China. Research on the genomic variations and selection signatures of LBH caused by continuous artificial selection is of great significance for identifying the genetic mechanisms of important traits of sheep and for the continuous breeding of LBH. Methods: We explored the genetic relationships of LBH, DP, and several Mongolian sheep breeds by constructing phylogenetic tree, principal component analysis and linkage disequilibrium analysis. In addition, we analysed 29 whole genomes of sheep. The genome-wide selection signatures have been scanned with four methods: heterozygosity (H_P), fixation index (F_ST), cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) and the nucleotide diversity (𝜃_π) ratio. Results: The genetic relationships analysis showed that LBH appeared to be an independent cluster closer to DP. The candidate signatures of positive selection in sheep genome revealed candidate genes for developmental process (HoxA gene cluster, BCL2L11, TSHR), immunity (CXCL6, CXCL1, SKAP2, PTK6, MST1R), growth (PDGFD, FGF18, SRF, SOCS2), and reproduction (BCAS3, TRIM24, ASTL, FNDC3A). Moreover, two signalling pathways closely related to reproduction, the thyroid hormone signalling pathway and the oxytocin signalling pathway, were detected. Conclusion: The selective sweep analysis of LBH genome revealed candidate genes and signalling pathways associated with developmental process, immunity, growth, and reproduction. Our findings provide a valuable resource for sheep breeding and insight into the mechanisms of artificial selection.

• 육가공
• /
• 통권36호여름호
• /
• pp.72-86
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서는 단체급식이나 외식용으로 주로 사용하고 있으나 미생물 오염에 쉽게 노출될 수 있는 패티용 분쇄 우육에 방사선조사기술을 적용하였을 때 나타나는 미생물 감균효과, 품질특성 및 관능품위에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 방사선조사 직후의 냉장육 초기 미생물은 식품 첨가물에 관계없이 $10^{5}CFU/g$ 수준이었으나 3 kGy 선량의 방사선조사에 의하여 $10^{2}-10^{3}CFU/g$ 수준으로 감균되었으며, 7 kGy에서는 미생물이 검출되지 않았다. 반면에 $-20^{\circ}C$에서 90일 저장한 냉동육의 미생물은 $10^{3}-10^{4}CFU/g$ 수준으로 낮아졌고 3 kGy 이상의 조사선량에서 미생물이 검출되지 않았다. 분쇄우육 제조시 가공적성 또는 맛을 개선하기 위하여 사용되는 아질산염, 소금, 인산염 및 아스콜빈산과 같은 식품첨가물은 미생물의 방사선 감수성에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 분쇄우육의 보수력에 미치는 방사선조사의 영향은 크지 않았으며, 방사선조사와 관계없이 냉장 육에 비하여 냉동육의 보수력이 높았는데 pH 변화와 관계가 있는 것으로 생각되었다. 해동감량에 미치는 방사선조사의 영향은 보수력과 마찬가지로 방사선조사선량에 따라 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 소금과 인산염이 첨가된 시료구에서는 해동감량이 적게 나타났다. 냉장육의 경우 방사선조사선량이 증가할수록 TBARS 값이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 첨가물이 함유된 시료구는 대조구보다 낮은 TBARS 값을 보였고, 냉동육은 냉동변성에 의한 육질의 물리적 특성 변화가 TBARS값에 일부 영향을 미치는 것으로 예상되었다. 적색도는 냉장육 대조구의 경우 방사선조사에 의하여 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 식품첨가물이 첨가된 시료구에서는 3kGy에서 가장 높은 적색도를 보인 이후 7 kGy 이상에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 냉동육은 방사선조사 및 식품첨가물의 영향에 따른 뚜렷한 경향을 찾을 수 없었다. 한편, 냄새 및 색깔에 대한 관능특성을 보면 방사선조사에 의하여 불쾌취가 높았으나 이러한 불쾌취는 아스콜빈산 첨가에 의하여 일정부분 상쇄되는 것으로 나타났다. 색깔의 경우 전반적으로 시료구에 관계없이 3 kGy 방사선조사에서 관능적으로 양호하였으며 이는 적색도와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 특히, 아스콜빈산이 함유된 시료구에서 색깔 및 냄새에 대하여 양호한 점수가 나온 결과에서 방사선조사된 고기의 냄새와 색깔에 미치는 아스콜빈산의 영향에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.