• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2003

This on­farm study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding deepstacked broiler excreta­saw dust­rice hulls(DBSR) pellets on feed intake, production and economy of growing Hanwoo steers and Holstein bulls. Formulated mix and rice straw were replaced at 16％ and 48％ levels for growing Hanwoo steers(6 wk of feeding period) and at 4％ and 18％ levels for Holstein bulls(12 wk) with DBSR pellets. Control and treated diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and DBSR pellets were fed ad libitum. Palatability of DBSR pellets turned out to be favorable. Compared with the control group, feeding DBSR pellets did not affect body weight gain, average daily gain and feed efficiency(P＞0.05). Feed cost per gain was reduced by 18.5％ for Hanwoo steers and 3.5％ for Holstein bulls. Feeding DBSR pellets to Holstein bulls did not affect carcass weight and grades of meat yield and quality. These results indicate that deepstacked cage broiler excreta mixture may be effectively used as a feed ingredient for growing ruminants.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.434-447
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• 2014

Though the edible bovine by-products are widely used for human consumption in most countries worldwide but the scientific information regarding the nutritional quality of these by-products is scarce. In the present study, the basic information regarding the yields, physicochemical and nutritional compositions of edible Hanwoo bovine by-products was studied. Our results showed that the yields, physicochemical and nutritional composition widely varied between the by-products examined. The highest pH values were found in rumen, reticulum, omasum and reproductive organ. Heart, liver, kidney and spleen had the lowest CIE $L^*$ values and highest CIE $a^*$ values. Liver had the highest vitamin A, B2 and niacin contents whereas the highest B1 and B5 contents were found in kidney. The highest Ca content was found in rumen, reticulum, omasum, head and leg while the highest Mn and Fe contents were found in rumen, omasum and spleen, respectively. Liver had the highest Cu content. Total essential amino acids (EAA)/amino acids (AA) ratios ranged between the by-products from 38.37% to 47.41%. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels ranged between the by-products from 2.26% to 26.47%, and most by-products showed favorable PUFA/SFA ratios. It is concluded that most of by-products examined are good sources of essential nutrients and these data will be of great importance for promotion of consumption and utilization of beef by-products in future.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.426-443
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• 2020

In order to investigate the use of oil in water gelled emulsion (GE) prepared with healthier oil combinations as beef fat replacer in the fresh chicken sausage formulations, four batches of fresh sausages were produced. The first batch was control (C) sample formulated with %100 beef fat, other batches were codded as GE50, GE75, and GE100 respective to the percentage of beef fat replaced with GE. The addition of GE to sausage formulation resulted in an increment in moisture and protein contents while a decrement was observed in fat content (p<0.05). pH, cooking yield and water holding capacity values of GE added samples were found lower than C (p<0.05). GE addition caused lower CIE L* values in samples, however, this trend was not observed in CIE a* and CIE b* values. Initially, the lowest peroxide and the highest TBARS values were recorded in GE100 samples on the 0^th d (p<0.05). Peroxide and TBARS values were in the limits. The texture of samples was softened while total saturated fatty acid content reduced up to 52.61% with the incorporation of GE (p<0.05). Taken together, our results showed that GEs can be used as fat replacers in meat product formulations without causing undesirable quality changes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.727-730
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• 2011

The effects of various NaCl levels (0, 0.3, and 0.6 M) and pH values (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5) on the emulsifying and gelling properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) were assessed. The emulsion stability index (ESI), emulsifying activity index (EAI), and creaming index were measured at a 1:20 ratio of MP to corn oil. The EAI and ESI of pork MP showed maximum values at pHs 6.0 and 6.5 and at 0.3 M NaCl, resulting in better emulsion properties. Additionally, the cooking yield (CY) and gel strength (GS) of emulsified MP gel were measured at an MP: corn oil ratio of 1: 2; GS increased with increasing levels of salt. At 0.6 M NaCl, GS decreased with decreasing pH from 5.5 to 6.5. GS and gelling properties were optimal at pH 5.5 in 0.6 M salt. The highest CY was observed at 0.6 M NaCl, regardless of the pH value. However, increasing pH increased CY at salt levels of 0 and 0.3 M. These results indicate that NaCl and pH profoundly affected the emulsified MP system. Future work will be conducted on the rheological properties of the pork emulsified system as affected by adding non-meat protein.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and pH-shift processing on the functional properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MP). The pH-shift processing was carried out by decreasing the pH of MP suspension to 3.0, followed by re-adjustment to pH 6.2. The native (CM) and pH-shifted MP (PM) was reacted with and without MTGase, and the gelling and emulsion characteristics were compared. To compare the pH-shifted MTGase-treated MP (PT), deamidation (DM) was conducted by reacting MTGase with MP at pH 3.0. Rigid thermal gel was produced by MTGase-treated native MP (CT) and PT. PM and DM showed the lowest storage modulus (G') at the end of thermal scanning. Both MTGase and pH-shifting produced harder MP gel, and the highest gel strength was obtained in PT. All treatments yielded lower than CM, and CT showed significantly higher yield than PM and DM treatments. For emulsion characteristics, pH-shifting improved the emulsifying ability of MP-stabilized emulsion, while the treatments had lower emulsion stability. PM-stabilized emulsion exhibited the lowest creaming stability among all treatments. The emulsion stability could be improved by the usage of MTGase. The results indicated that pH-shifting combined with MTGase had a potential application to modify or improve functional properties of MP in manufacturing of meat products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.705-710
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the effects of three different fat sources and their combination on growth performance, carcass traits and intestinal measurements of broiler chickens reared to 42 d of age. Two hundred day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments with four replicates of 10 chicks based on a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments consisted of 4% added fat from three different sources and their combination as follows: T, diet containing 4% tallow; CO, diet containing 4% canola oil; SFO, diet containing 4% sunflower oil; TCO, diet containing 2% tallow+2% canola oil; TSFO, diet containing 2% tallow+2% sunflower oil. Dietary fat type affected significantly BW and gain as well as feed efficiency in birds fed the TCO diets compared with those fed the other diets. Dietary fat type also modified meat yield, resulting in a higher breast and drumstick yields in the birds fed TCO and TSFO diets, respectively. Most of internal organ relative weights and small intestine measurements were not influenced by dietary treatments, except for the abdominal fat pad weight that was lower in birds fed SFO and for small intestinal length that was influenced by fat source. Results from the current study suggested that the supplementation with a combination of vegetable and animal fat sources in broiler diet supported positively growth performance and carcass parameters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1507-1515
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• 2018

Objective: In the poultry industry, the most important economic traits are meat quality and carcass yield. Thus, many studies were conducted to investigate the regulatory pathways during muscle differentiation. To gain insight of muscle differentiation mechanism during growth period, we identified and validated calcium-related genes which were highly expressed during muscle differentiation through mRNA sequencing analysis. Methods: We conducted next-generation-sequencing (NGS) analysis of mRNA from undifferentiated QM7 cells and differentiated QM7 cells (day 1 to day 3 of differentiation periods). Subsequently, we obtained calcium related genes related to muscle differentiation process and examined the expression patterns by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: Through RNA sequencing analysis, we found that the transcription levels of six genes (troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type [TNNC1], myosin light chain 1 [MYL1], MYL3, phospholamban [PLN], caveolin 3 [CAV3], and calsequestrin 2 [CASQ2]) particularly related to calcium regulation were gradually increased according to days of myotube differentiation. Subsequently, we validated the expression patterns of calcium-related genes in quail myoblasts. These results indicated that TNNC1, MYL1, MYL3, PLN, CAV3, CASQ2 responded to differentiation and growth performance in quail muscle. Conclusion: These results indicated that calcium regulation might play a critical role in muscle differentiation. Thus, these findings suggest that further studies would be warranted to investigate the role of calcium ion in muscle differentiation and could provide a useful biomarker for muscle differentiation and growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.923-931
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of lysine on performance and carcass composition of broilers under heat stress during the grower period (3-6 weeks). A factorial arrangement of three levels of dietary protein (18, 20, and 22%), three levels of dietary lysine (1.26, 1.39, and 1.52%), and two rearing temperature regimens were used in this study. Birds were kept under either moderate temperature ($24{\pm}1^{\circ}C/24h$) or hot cycling temperature ($26-34^{\circ}C/6h$, $34{\pm}1^{\circ}C/12h$, and $34-26^{\circ}C/6h$). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FE), carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (CY), and percentages of breast meat (BM), abdominal fat (AF), drumsticks (DS), and thighs (TH) were determined at the end of experiment. Exposure to high ambient temperature significantly (p<0.05) decreased BW, WG, FI, FE, CW, BM, AF, and increased CY, DS, and TH. High dietary protein significantly (p<0.05) decreased AF and TH, and improved CW only under moderate temperature, resulting in significant (p<0.05) protein by temperature interaction. High dietary lysine significantly (p<0.05) decreased BW, WG, FI, CW, CY and AF, while BM was reduced only when high dietary protein was fed, resulting in significant (p<0.05) protein by lysine interaction. It is concluded that increasing dietary lysine adversely affected broilers' performance and carcass composition irrespective of rearing temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.914-922
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary energy and protein on performance and carcass composition of broilers under heat stress during the growing period (3-6 weeks). A factorial arrangement of three levels of energy (3.0, 3.2 and 3.4 kcal/g), three levels of protein (18, 20 and 22%), an two rearing temperatures were used in this study. Groups of birds were kept under moderate temperature ($24{\pm}1^{\circ}C/24h$) or hot cycling temperature ($26-34^{\circ}C/6h$, $34{\pm}1^{\circ}C/12h$, and $34-26^{\circ}C/6h$). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (feed : gain) (FC), carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (YP), breast meat (BM), abdominal fat (AF), drumsticks (DS), and thighs (TH) percentages were determined at the end of the experiment. Hot cycling temperature significantly (p<0.05) decreased BW, WG, FI, CW, and BM, increased FC, YP, DS, and TH but did not affect AF. High energy significantly (p<0.05) increased BW, WG, CW, YP, AF, and TH, decreased FI and FC but did not affect BM or DS. This improvement was observed only under moderate temperature resulting in significant (p<0.05) energy by temperature interaction. High protein significantly (p<0.05) increased BW, WG, CW and BM, decreased AF but did not affect FI, FC, TP, DS, or TH. There were no significant protein by temperature interactions for any of the parameters tested except CW. It is concluded, under the conditions imposed in this experiment, that increasing dietary energy did not alleviate the depressing effect of heat stress while increasing dietary protein up to 22% improved the performance of broilers irrespective of rearing temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1348-1354
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• 2008

Two inorganic (zinc sulfate and zinc oxide) and three organic (zinc acetate, zinc-methionine, and zinc-lysine) zinc sources were evaluated for their effects on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. The birds were randomly assigned to one control (non-supplemented) and 15 treatment (supplemented) groups consisting of four replicates of 10 chicks each in a $5{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments (five zinc sources and three supplemental zinc levels). Birds were kept in floor pens in a temperature-controlled room from 1 to 42 d of age and fed a non-supplemented basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with 40, 80 or 120 mg/kg of Zn as mentioned sources. Dietary zinc source had considerable effect on feed intake in all experimental periods. Increasing Zn level from 80 to 120 mg/kg decreased the average feed intake in the growth stage (p<0.01) and also in the entire experimental period (p<0.001). Similarly, the average daily gain during the entire trial period was affected by the type of Zn source (p<0.001) and supplemental level (p<0.01). One degree of freedom contrast comparisons showed that the inclusion of organic zinc sources into the diets caused significant increases in feed intake and body gain when compared with inorganic counterparts. Except in wk 1, dietary supplementation with organic sources improved (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio; FCR values were not affected by dietary Zn source or supplementation level. Breast meat yield increased with supplemental levels of organic Zn sources; however, other carcass parameters were not affected by dietary Zn source. On the other hand, organic versus inorganic zinc supplementation caused a significant increase in liver, breast and carcass weight percentages. The present findings suggest that supplemental levels of organic Zn compounds had beneficial effects on broiler performance, and Zn requirements can be reduced using these feed supplements in poultry rations.