• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.315-325
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to predict abdominal obesity with 3-Dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) measurements of kidneys by analyzing the correlation between kidney sizes and abdominal obesity level. The subjects were 178 healthy adults without underlying diseases who had a comprehensive health examination at the Health Medical Center of Jesus Hospital in Jeonju. Abdominal obesity was measured by CT cross-sectional image at the level of the umbilicus and divided into visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, visceral fat/total fat ratio. The average comparison of kidney sizes classified according to abdominal obesity were performed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe test. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to correlate all measurement values. The results of kidney size ANOVA analysis according to abdominal obesity were as follows. The means of kidney measurements according to visceral fat classification were significantly different in all kidney measurements (p<0.05). And in case of subcutaneous fat classification, the means of kidney measurements by 3D CT of the severe obesity group were significantly different in the right kidney width (p<0.05). In case of visceral fat area/total fat area ratio, the means of kidney measurements by 3D CT of the severe obesity group were significantly different in both kidneys width (p<0.05). Pearson correlation between kidneys measurements and CT abdominal obesity showed that visceral fat area had the highest correlation with the left kidney width measured by 3D CT (r=0.467) and subcutaneous fat area had correlation with the right kidney width measured by 3D CT (r=0.249). The visceral fat area/total fat area ratio had correlation with the left kidney width measured by 3D CT (r=0.291).

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.29-54
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• 2012

Recently, as film has been admitted as the artistic merit and higher value-added business, the past studies on film have been lively carried on various fields. Especially, the film business is thought to be value-added business and has explored the causes of influencing spectators. However, there are no researches enough to explain what induces the choice and diffusion of the film. The film is not only hedonic products but also typical example of experiential products. So how to process film formation plays important roles in explaining the procedures of forming preference on the film and the movies spread more widely. But the great part of study of films has been concentrated on exploring hedonic factors of influencing spectator's choice. Until now there is not enough study for the relationship between experiential information processing and film preference. To explain film's preference, our study focuses on preference fluency and processing fluency that can provide an insight for our question about the relationship. In this article, to explain the procedures of processing experiential information and forming preference on the film, our study focuses on finding the relationship between film's processing fluency and film's preference fluency and explores the factors that affect film's processing fluency. To achieve the goal of this study, we distinguish factors of film's conceptual fluency from factors of film's perceptual fluency and explore the paths from the factors to film's preference fluency. The factors which have effects on perceptual fluency are hypothesized to be distinction of image expression, distinction of sound expression, correspondence between actors' image and their role. The factors which have effect on conceptual fluency are supposed to be well-organized story, suitability of lines expression. The experiments in which students were sampled at 'C' university were conducted in 2010 (december). Data collection was proceeded through questionnaires. We test the hypothesized model by using structural equation modeling(Amos 17.0). The fit indices for the model are as follows : x²=416.266(df=213, p=0.00), GFI=0.855, AGFI=0.812, RMSEA =0.069, IFI=O.925, CFI=0.920, TLI=0.905. According to the guidelines, there is evidence that our measurement model fits data. The results of empirical study are as follows. The path from film's perceptual fluency to film's preference fluency is supported(estimate: 0.223, C.R: 2.641). The path from film's conceptual fluency to film's preference fluency is supported(estimate: 0.397, C.R: 4.863). The path from distinction of image expression to film's perceptual fluency is not supported(estimate: 0.113, C.R: 1.665). The path from distinction of sound expression to film's perceptual fluency is supported (estimate: 0.190, C.R: 2.042). The path from correspondence between actors' image and their role to film's perceptual fluency is supported(estimate: 0.686, C.R: 5.566). The path from well-organized story to film's conceptual fluency is supported(estimate: 0.396, C.R: 4.023). The path from suitability of lines expression to film's conceptual fluency is supported(estimate: 0.536, C.R: 5.441). Concludingly, our study explored the influencing factors of film's processing fluency inducing film's Preference fluency. First, film's perceptual fluency and film's conceptual fluency have positive effects on film's preference fluency. Second, distinction of image expression is not significant on film's perceptual fluency, but distinction of sound expression and image's correspondence of actors' image and their role have positive effects on film's perceptual fluency. Lastly, well-organized story and suitability of lines expression have positive effects on film's conceptual fluency.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.258-266
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• 2023

This study analyzed methodologies for estimating carbon stocks of perennial woody crops and the research cases in overseas countries. As a result, we found that Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, and Japan are using the stock-difference method, while Austria, Denmark, and Germany are estimating the change in the carbon stock based on the gain-loss method. In some overseas countries, the researches were conducted on estimating the carbon stock change using image data as tier 3 phase beyond the research developing country-specific factors as tier 2 phase. In South Korea, convergence studies as the third stage were conducted in forestry field, but advanced research in the agricultural field is at the beginning stage. Based on these results, we suggest directions for the following four future researches: 1) securing national-specific factors related to emissions and removals in the agricultural field through the development of allometric equation and carbon conversion factors for perennial woody crops to improve the completeness of emission and removals statistics, 2) implementing policy studies on the cultivation area calculation refinement with fruit tree-biomass-based maturity, 3) developing a more advanced estimation technique for perennial woody crops in the agricultural sector using allometric equation and remote sensing techniques based on the agricultural and forestry satellite scheduled to be launched in 2025, and to establish a matrix and monitoring system for perennial woody crop cultivation areas in the agricultural sector, Lastly, 4) estimating soil carbon stocks change, which is currently estimated by treating all agricultural areas as one, by sub-land classification to implement a dynamic carbon cycle model. This study suggests a detailed guideline and advanced methods of carbon stock change calculation for perennial woody crops, which supports 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs and activate related research in agricultural sector.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.320-329
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• 2023

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal found in the aquatic environment, accumulates in organisms through the food chain. In the study, we investigated the survival rates, measurement of body Cd levels, and expression analysis of the stress response genes (Heat shock protein 70: HSP70 and Heat shock protein 60: HSP60) and antioxidant enzyme Glutathione S-Transferases (GST) on benthic oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex exposed three concentrations of Cd, to analyze the bioaccumulation and changes of stress gene expressions to exposure toxicity of the Cd-spiked sediment. Survival rates of T. tubifex exposed to the Cdspiked sediment were 93% at 0.4 mg kg^-1 Cd, 96% at 1.87 mg kg^-1 Cd, and 93% at 6.09 mg kg^-1 Cd for 10 days. Cd concentration in the body of T. tubifex was higher than that in the sediment. After Cd exposures for 10 days, the body Cd levels were 18.4 mg kg^-1, 13.06 mg kg^-1, and 79.11 mg kg^-1 at exposed three concentrations of Cd, respectively. Upregulation of HSP70 gene expression was observed at all concentrations of exposed Cd as a time-dependent manner, whereas transcriptional expression of the HSP60 gene increased as a timedependent manner in T. tubifex exposed to the relative high concentration (6.09 mg kg^-1) of Cd. However, GST gene expression increased on day 1 at all concentrations after Cd exposures, and then downregulated until 10 days. These results indicate to ecotoxicological and molecular effects in benthic oligochaete worm T. tubifex to Cd-spiked sediment and provide the basic information for the utilization of environmental toxicity assessment using the T. tubifex as a aquatic pollution indicator species.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_4
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• pp.1135-1144
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• 2023

Many agricultural reservoirs in South Korea, constructed before 1970, have become aging facilities. The majority of small-scale reservoirs lack measurement systems to ascertain basic specifications and water levels, classifying them as unmeasured reservoirs. Furthermore, continuous sedimentation within the reservoirs and industrial development-induced water quality deterioration lead to reduced water supply capacity and changes in reservoir morphology. This study utilized Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) sensors, which provide elevation information and allow for the characterization of surface features, to construct high-resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data of reservoir facilities. Additionally, bathymetric measurements based on multibeam echosounders were conducted to propose an updated approach for determining reservoir capacity. Drone-based LiDAR was employed to generate DSM and DEM data with a spatial resolution of 50 cm, enabling the display of elevations of hydraulic structures, such as embankments, spillways, and intake channels. Furthermore, using drone-based hyperspectral imagery, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were calculated to detect water bodies and verify differences from existing reservoir boundaries. The constructed high-resolution DEM data were integrated with bathymetric measurements to create underwater contour maps, which were used to generate a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). The TIN was utilized to calculate the inundation area and volume of the reservoir, yielding results highly consistent with basic specifications. Considering areas that were not surveyed due to underwater vegetation, it is anticipated that this data will be valuable for future updates of reservoir capacity information.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

We have developed an in-situ benthic chamber (BelcI) for use in coastal studies that can be deployed from a small boat. It is expected that BelcI will be useful in studying the benthic boundary layer because of its flexibility. BelcI is divided into three main areas: 1) frame and body chamber, 2) water sampler, and 3) stirring devices, electric controller, and data acquisition technology. To maximize in-situ use, the frame is constructed from two layers that consist of square cells. All electronic parts (motor controller, pA meter, data acquisition, etc.) are low-power consumers so that the external power supply can be safely removed from the system. The hydrodynamics of BelcI, measured by PIV (particle image velocimetry), show a typical "radial-flow impeller" pattern. Mixing time of water in the chamber is about 30 s, and shear velocity ($u^*$) near the bottom layer was calculated at $0.32\;cm\;s^{-1}$. Measurements of diffusivity boundary layer thickness showed a range of $180-230\;{\mu}m$. Sediment oxygen consumption rate, measured in-situ，was $84\;mmol\;O_2\;m^{-2}\;d_{-1}$, more than two times higher than on-board incubation results. Benthic fluxes assessed from in-situ incubation were estimated as follows: nitrate + nitrite = $0.18\;{\pm}\;0.07\;mmol\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ ammonium $23\;{\pm}\;1\;mmol\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ phosphate = $0.09\;{\pm}\;0.02\;mmol\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ and silicate = $23\;{\pm}\;1\;mmol\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.42-55
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• 2008

To evaluate the accuracy of currents measured by HF radar in the coastal sea off Keum River estuary, we compared the facing radial vectors of two HF radars, and HF radar-derived currents with in-situ measurement currents. Principal component analysis was used to extract regression line and RMS deviation in the comparison. When two facing radar's radial vectors at the mid-point of baseline are compared, RMS deviation is 4.4 cm/s in winter and 5.4 cm/s in summer. When GDOP(Geometric Dilution of Precision) effect is corrected from the RMS deviations that is analyzed from the comparison between HF radar-derived and current-metermeasured currents, the error of velocity combined by HF radar-derived current is less than 5.1 cm/s in the stations having moderate GDOP values. These two results obtained from different method suggest that the lower limit of HF radar-derived current's accuracy is 5.4 cm/s in our study area. As mentioned in previous researches, RMS deviations become large in the stations located near the islands and increase as a function of mean distance from the radar site due to decrease of signal-to-noise level and the intersect angle of radial vectors. We found that an uncertain error bound of HF radar-derived current can be produced from the separation process of RMS deviations using GDOP value if GDOP value for each component is very close and RMS deviations obtained from current component comparison are also close. When the current measured in the stations having moderate GDOP values is separated into tidal and subtidal current, characteristics of tidal current ellipses analyzed from HF radar-derived current show a good agreement with those from current-meter-measured current, and time variation of subtidal current showed a response reflecting physical process driven by wind and density field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2024

This study compared the cortical thickness of patients with mood disorders and a control group to assess structural abnormalities. A retrospective study was conducted from September 2020 to August 2022 at the Department of Psychiatry, P Hospital in Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do. The study included 44 individuals diagnosed with mood disorders and 59 healthy individuals without any pathological lesions. The 3D-T1 MPRAGE images obtained from magnetic resonance imaging examinations were utilized, and FreeSurfer software was employed to measure cortical thickness. Statistical analysis involved independent samples t-tests to measure the differences in means between the two groups, and Cohen's d test was used to compare the effect sizes of the differences. Furthermore, the correlation between the measured average cortical thickness and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores was analyzed. The research results revealed that patients with mood disorders exhibited decreased cortical thickness compared to the normal control group in both superior frontal regions, both rostral middle frontal regions, both caudal middle frontal regions, both pars opercularis, pars orbitals, pars triangularis regions, both superior temporal regions, both inferior temporal regions, both lateral orbitofrontal regions, both medial orbitofrontal regions, both fusiform regions, both posterior cingulate regions, both isthmus cingulate regions, both superior parietal regions, both inferior parietal regions, both supramarginal regions, left postcentral region, right bank of the superior temporal sulcus region, right middle temporal region, right rostral anterior cingulate region, and right insula region. Among them, regions that showed differences with effect sizes of 0.8 or higher were left fusiform (d=0.82), pars opercularis (d=0.94), superior frontal (d=0.88), right lateral orbitofrontal (d=0.85), and pars orbitalis (d=0.89). Additionally, there was a weak negative correlation between PANSS scores and average cortical thickness in both the left hemisphere (r=-0.234) and right hemisphere (r=-0.230). These findings are expected to be helpful in identifying areas of cortical thickness reduction in patients with mood disorders compared to healthy individuals and understanding the relationship between symptom severity and cortical thickness changes.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2023

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of dementia is steadily increasing each year, and preceding studies continue to explore the association between dementia and oral health. Dental hygienists require specialized competencies to provide appropriate dental healthcare services, necessitating the development of a tool for the objective measurement of their knowledge levels. This study aimed to develop a knowledge assessment tool for dental hygienists concerning considerations for dental care for patients with dementia. Methods: The study constructed preliminary items based on a literature review and then conducted expert validation, a pilot survey, and the main survey. The main survey was conducted among 220 dental hygienists. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted with the collected data to select the final items, and the correctness rates for each selected item were verified. Results: As a result of the analysis of the collected data, 18 items were eliminated out of a total of 40 preliminary items, leaving a total of 6 factors and 22 items. The Cronbach's α value for the selected items was 0.791. The six factors are as follows: 'Considerations during dental treatment for dementia patients' (5 items), 'medication side effects in dementia patients' (4 items), 'oral care methods for dementia patients' (4 items), 'communication with dementia patients' (4 items), 'psychological reactions of dementia patients' (3 items), and 'guidance for dementia patients' (2 items). The item with the highest correctness rate was item 2 of the 'guidance for dementia patients' category at 98.6%, while the item with the lowest correctness rate was item 2 of the 'psychological reactions of dementia patients' category at 5.9%. Conclusion: This study validated the reliability and validity of the knowledge assessment tool, which lays the foundation for future research on dental hygienists and dementia. It contributes essential data for ongoing education, development of educational programs, and establishing operational guidelines in healthcare institutions.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2024

Limestone (CaCO₃, calcium carbonate), which is used as a raw material in the portland cement and steel industry, emits CO₂ through decarbonation by high temperatures in the manufacturing process. To reduce CO₂ emissions by the use of raw materials like limestone, it has been proposed to replace limestone with various industrial by-products that contain CaO but less or none of the carbonated minerals, that cause CO₂ emissions. Loss of Ignition (LOI), Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) are used to quantitative the amount of CO₂ emission by using these industrial by-products, but CO₂ emissions can be either over or underestimated depending on the characteristics of by-product materials. In this study, we estimated CO₂ contents by LOI, TG, IR and DTG(Differential Thermogravimetric analysis) of calcite(CaCO₃) and samples that contain CO₂ in the form of carbonate and whose weight increases by oxidation at high temperatures. The test results showed for CaCO₃ samples, all test methods have a sufficient level of reliability. On the other hand, for the CO₂ content of the sample whose weight increases at high temperature, LOI and TG did not properly estimate the CO₂ content of the sample, and IR tended to overestimate compared to the predicted value, but the estimated result by DTG was close to the predicted valu e. From these resu lts, in the case of samples that contain less than a few percent of CO₂ and whose weight increases during the temperature that carbonate minerals decompose, estimating the CO₂ content using DTG is a more reasonable way than LOI, TG, and IR.