• 대한기관윤리심의기구협의회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2023

Purspose: The purpose of this study is to examine the meaning and definition of vulnerable subjects in clinical trials in light of domestic and international regulations and guidelines, to analyze the contents of standard operation procedures (SOPs) among advanced general hospitals in Korea that conduct clinical trials, and to examine deliberation procedures for operation plans. Methods: The study examined how vulnerable research subjects were defined and described in related regulations and the classification of vulnerable research subjects presented in the IRB/HRPP SOPs of 18 clinical trial institutions, including 11 AAHRPP-accreditated general hospitals in Korea, as well as the operation of the IRB deliberation. Results: Among all domestic and international regulations and guidelines, only the The Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) guidelines explain why vulnerability is related to judgments on the severity of physical, psychological, and social harm, why individuals are vulnerable, and for what reasons. However, the classification of vulnerable subjects by institutions differed from the classification by the International Conference on Harmonization-Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP). A total of the 16 institutions classified children and minors as vulnerable research subjects. 14 institutions classified subjects who cannot consent freely were classified as vulnerable subjects. 15 institutions classified sujects who can be affected by the organizational hierarchy were classified as vulnerable subjects. Subjects in emergency situations were regarded as vulnerable research subjects in 8 of institutions, while people in wards, patients with incurable diseases, and the economically poor including the unemployed were categorized as vulnerable research subjects in 7, 4, and 4 of institutions, respectively. Additionally, some research subjects were not classified as vulnerable by ICH-GCP but were classified as vulnerable by domestic institutions 15 of the institutions classified pregnant women and fetuses as vulnerable, 11 classified the elderly as vulnerable, and 6 classified foreigners as vulnerable. Conclution: The regulations and institutional SOPs classify subjects differently, which may affect subject protection. There is a need to improve IRBs' classifications of vulnerable research subjects. It is also necessary to establish the standards according to the differences in deliberation processes. Further, it is recommended to maintain a consistent review of validity, assessment of risk/benefit, and a review using checklists and spokeperson. The review of IRB is to be carried out in a manner that respects human dignity by taking into account the physical, psychological, and social conditions of the subjects.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제4호
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• pp.5-27
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• 2001

This study analyzes the social function of democracy and the essential problems of social security of democracy. So far democracy has used a political term in politics. Democracy allows us the right to the freedom of individuality and social equality. Even scholars however, neglect to study about the criticism of democracy and social problems that are caused by democracy. It was expected that democracy would be valued by humans throughout the world. People have been fighting to establish a reliable political system of democracy. So they can have security in their society and the subject of politics. Therefore, We should consider study on democracy in function of democracy in relation to security of society and essential problems on what is democracy? Does democracy change with social change? Didier Bigo said, 'rising of freedom cause rising of a social unrest', B. Jeanneau said 'Democracy itself is the starting of social discord'. These are criticism of social security, the system and the function of democracy. It especially explains social discord and unrest that has occurred by an authoritative interpretation of democracy or the meaning of a word interpretation. It is a question of the day that it's converse the function of the system and the operation of democracy, act as social unrest.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2005

Silicon nitride cantilevers integrated with silicon heaters and piezoelectric sensors were developed for the scanning probe microscope (SPM) based data storage application. These nitride cantilevers are expected to have better mechanical stability and uniformity of initial bending than the previously developed silicon cantilevers. Data bits of 40 nm in diameter were recorded on PMMA film and the sensitivity of the piezoelectric sensor was 0.615 fC/nm, meaning that indentations less than 20 nm in depth can be detected. For high speed operation, $128{\times}128$ cantilever array was developed.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.12-23
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the innovative and experimental housing design alternatives in the transition period to the modern era and to discuss about the motivation of modern architectural form. Thus, first, this study examined the planning concepts and the meaning of new design of the four Werkbund dwelling Exhibitions in eastern Europe reflecting the demands of modern times. Second, I analyzed how the formative experiment appeared as a stereoscopic mass design and as a architectural composition in exterior. Experimental trials at housing exhibitions were to respond to the demands for the new forms, which required a new approach to modern style and aesthetics. The major features of formative experiments can be summarized as follows. First, new housing design have escaped from the historically descended style. Secondly, through the operation of volume and surface modern dwelling created a formative conformation. Finally, the shape and the surface replaced the decoration. In conclusion, the works of modern architects can be said to have achieved the harmony between 'purpose of expression' and 'technical purpose' in realizing the 'Zeitgeist' that corresponds to the paradigm of modern housing.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.259-270
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• 2010

We conducted human risk assessment for exposure to inhalation of chemical substances emitted from the storage tanks of petroleum refineries. To assess human risk, this study calculated chemical emissions from the external floating roofs on storage tank at petroleum refineries, as well as concentrations thereof in the ambient air using the K-SCREEN model, and then determined risk in accordance with the Reference Concentration (RfC) values and Inhalation Unit Risk criteria developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The results indicated that non-carcinogenic chemicals have a hazard quotient of less than 1, meaning they have an insignificant effect on human health for residential areas near the storage tanks. Among the known carcinogens, the hazard risk for benzene slightly exceeded $10^{-6}$, indicating the need for corrective reduction measures. The methodology for health impact assessment devised herein provides findings useful in decision making for policy makers and the general public with respect to construction of industrial complexes. However, the methodology proposed herein does have limitations, including discrepancy in results induced by use of U.S. data (due to the lack of usable domestic data). More systematic studies from related researchers will be needed to address these issues and produce more reliable outcomes.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2006년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.55-58
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• 2006

There can be two definitions of modern ideal medical surroundings. One is medical services satisfied patients' with their desire and the other is places suited to remedy realized by rational operation. Particularly, in case of dental service, there is a need for an effective regard of moving lines and there are many rooms for a dental service belonged to a curer and not a curer. So a design has been developed by many concerns. flow do we proffer more familiar and comfortable places to both a curer and not a cuter. Nowadays, the design is making progress to the unprecedented and up-to-date direction. I would suggest a general plan used by a nature of an original art for this design. The design used by a nature between human beings and things is able to induce comforts and intimacies. So to speak, I would like to remove artificial design and keep up organic lines, shapes and forms of a nature like it is. This study grasps the organizational limitation of this design and the visual characteristic of organic forms used by harmonious image of a nature and a new way is applied to limited medical places, a dental service, based on the study. Also, I'm go to examine the meaning and worth of a new design and suggest the direction of it.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.113-136
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• 1988

Decision Science or Decision Analysis can be described as a scientific methodolog to provide suitable quantitative information for the decision maker to be able to selected the best feasible alternative on the given decision environment and thus we can say that where there are decision problems, there needs the decision analysis to be applied to them. International shipping is generally said to be the cheapest and most widely used means of transport in international trade and each of the hundreds of seaport. So far as the decision makings in the shipping and port transportation are concerned, of real importance is to understand what the decision problems in each of shipping and port transportation really are and to recognize the meaning of relevance between shipping and seaport in the outworn phrase, that is to say, "The chain is as strong as its weakest link." This paper is intended to present a literature survey on the applied decision analysis to shipping and port transportation problems which have actually been involved in the wide variety of decision environment. At first, the author suggests four divisional framework such as decision analysis in each field of Shipping Economics, Management and Operations of Shipping, Port Economics, and Port Operation and Management, according to the main concern of the decision environment, and then the literature surveys on those four major divisions are described including the problems and solution approaches in each case. The author concludes the paper with the comment on the need of joint research around this area by citing the phrase of "a process of updating the decision makers' intuitions."s' intuitions."quot;

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.519-527
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• 2012

A high step-down multiple-output LED driver is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the derivation of the driver with dual-output is presented and its operation principle and steady state performance are analyzed in detail. Secondly, a high step-down N-channel LED driver is proposed and its current auto-balance characteristic and step-down ratio are analyzed. Finally, an experimental prototype is built and the experimental results are given. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed driver has the following virtues: First, if load balancing is achieved, the voltage gain is 1/N that of a Buck driver, where N is the number of channels. Second, each output automatically has an equal output current, without requiring more current close-loop control circuits than a Buck driver. Last, the voltage stresses of the switches and diodes are lower than those of a Buck driver, meaning that lower voltage switches and diodes can be used, and a higher efficiency can be expected.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.539-546
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• 2007

The important field of research in ship operation is related to the high efficiency of transportation, the convenience of maneuvering ships and the safety of navigation. For these purposes, many intelligent technologies for ship automation have been required and studied. In this paper, we propose an intelligent voice instruction-based learning (VIBL) method and discuss the building of a ship's steering control system based on this method. The VIBL system concretely consists of two functions: a text conversion function where an instructor's inputted voice is recognized and converted to text, and a linguistic instruction based learning function where the text instruction is understood through a searching process of given meaning elements. As a study method, the fuzzy theory is adopted to build maneuvering models of steersmen and then the existing LIBL is improved and combined with the voice recognition technology to propose the VIBL. The ship steering control system combined with VIBL is tested in a ship maneuvering simulator and its validity is shown.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.360-372
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• 2017

Many advanced reactor designs rely on passive systems to fulfill safety functions during accident sequences. These systems depend heavily on boundary conditions to induce a motive force, meaning the system can fail to operate as intended because of deviations in boundary conditions, rather than as the result of physical failures. Furthermore, passive systems may operate in intermediate or degraded modes. These factors make passive system operation difficult to characterize within a traditional probabilistic framework that only recognizes discrete operating modes and does not allow for the explicit consideration of time-dependent boundary conditions. Argonne National Laboratory has been examining various methodologies for assessing passive system reliability within a probabilistic risk assessment for a station blackout event at an advanced small modular reactor. This paper provides an overview of a passive system reliability demonstration analysis for an external event. Considering an earthquake with the possibility of site flooding, the analysis focuses on the behavior of the passive Reactor Cavity Cooling System following potential physical damage and system flooding. The assessment approach seeks to combine mechanistic and simulation-based methods to leverage the benefits of the simulation-based approach without the need to substantially deviate from conventional probabilistic risk assessment techniques. Although this study is presented as only an example analysis, the results appear to demonstrate a high level of reliability of the Reactor Cavity Cooling System (and the reactor system in general) for the postulated transient event.