• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2010

Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in air were analyzed from seven urban roadside (U-RS) stations in Seoul, Korea over an 11-year period (1998-2008). As noticeable changes in CO levels coincided with the Natural Gas Vehicle Supply (NGVS) program in the year 2000, its concentration data were examined between 1998-2000 (period I) and 2001-2008 (period II). The mean values of CO from all 7 stations for the whole study period were recorded as $1.19{\pm}0.22$ ppm with large drops in its mean from $1.83{\pm}0.43$ ppm in period I to $0.94{\pm}0.21$ ppm in period II. As such, CO levels between the two periods undertook the mean reduction rate of $46.9{\pm}16.2%$ (range of 18.3 to 59.9%). According to the analysis of longterm trends of CO, its concentrations in the U-RS stations decreased very rapidly with the annual mean reduction rate of 9.5% $yr^{-1}$. A line of evidence collected in this study suggests that the implementation of the NGVS program has been quite effective to induce the alterations in CO levels in all urban roadside locations throughout the city of Seoul.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2008

Objective: The length of anterior-posterior commissure (AC-PC) in racial groups, age, gender of patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) and pallidotomy were investigated. Methods: From January 1996 to December 2003, 211 patients were treated with DBS and pallidotomy. There were 160 (76%) Caucasians, 35 (17%) Hispanics, 12 (5%) Asians and 4 Blacks (2%). There were 88 males and 52 females in DBS-surgery group and 44 males, 27 females in pallidotomy group. Mean age was 58 year-old. There were 19 males and 19 females and mean age was 54.7 years in the control group. Measurements were made on MRI and @Target software. Results: The average AC-PC distance was 24.89 mm (range 32 to 19), which increased with aging until 75 years old in Caucasian and also increased with aging in Hispanic, but the AC-PC distance peaked at 45 years old in Hispanic. The order of AC-PC distance were $24.6{\pm}2$ mm in Caucasian, $24.6{\pm}2.24$ mm in Asian, 24.53 mm in Black, $23.6{\pm}1.98$ mm in Hispanic. The average AC-PC distance in all groups was 24.22 mm in female who was mean age of 56.35, 25.28 mm in male who was mean age of 60.19 and $24.5{\pm}2$ mm in control group that was excluded because of the difference of thickness of slice. According to multiple regression analysis, the AC-PC distance was significantly correlated with age, race, and gender. Conclusion: The AC-PC distance is significantly correlated with age, gender, and race. The atlas of functional stereotaxis would be depended on the Variation of indivisual brain that can influenced by aging, gender, and race.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.227-238
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• 2006

해양에서 수온의 등온선 밀집 정도를 표준지수로 정량화하기 위해 선밀도 지수(line density index: LDI)를 개발하였다. 지수 값의 범위를 0에서 100까지 제한시킨 LDI의 개발과정에 대한 이론적 배경을 기술하였고, line의 총 길이가 해당 면적의 1/10를 넘지 못한다는 적용조건에 대한 타당성 검증도 수행하였다. LDI의 적용 실험을 위해 남해역에서 관측된 NOAA SST 자료를 이용하였다. GIS를 이용하여 SST 레스터 데이터로 부터 $0.1^{\circ}C$ 등온선 벡터 데이터를 선형화하고 단위격자 영역을 폴리곤으로 제작한 후 공간중첩을 통해 LDI를 계산하였다. 단위 영역의 크기가 LDI의 분포에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 두 종류의 격자 크기를 설계하여 LDI의 통계량를 산출하고 정규성 검정을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 격자크기에 따라 LDI의 평균과 정규성 같은 고유특징은 변하지 않으나, 통계량 값의 범위, 분산, 표준편차 등은 변하였는데, 이는 수온전선 구조가 복잡하고 전선폭이 격자 영역보다 훨씬 작을 때 발생하는 문제임이 확인되었다. 또한, LDI와 수온 차(${\Delta}T^{\circ}C$) 와의 관계성을 분석하고 수온전선역의 수온 수평경도(${\Delta}T^{\circ}C/km$)를 선형회귀모델로부터 계산하여 기존 연구자들의 제시한 수온전선역에서의 수온 수평경도 값과도 비교하였다. 본 연구를 통해 새롭게 개발된 LDI가 지니는 의미는 해양환경에서 시 공간적인 변화에 따른 수온전선 형성 지역을 절대적인 지수치로 비교 가능함은 물론, 수온전선과 해양환경 또는 해양생물과의 관계를 정량적으로 분석할 수 있는 기반을 제시했다는 점이다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.179-190
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to analysis the education effects of web-based on-line cyber program mesaured by Kirkpatrick’s evaluation process. The average score on satisfaction of the program was 4.28(.59), which was designed to evaluate the level 1, reaction. To test level 2, learning, the average score that students achieved was calculated and it was 86.87(std.=7.05) in the term examinations. The level 3, job months. It was reported that most employees who took the course are utilizing the knowledge that they acquired from the course(mean=3.80, std.=.77). To identify the level 4, business results, the mean score of the number of accidents and near misses that happened in their factories for 3 months before and after the course were compared. There was statistically significant difference between the number of accidents that happened 3 months before the course and 3 months after the course, at the significance level of .01, which was tested by Paired t-test.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2002

Nanoparticles of $Fe_2O_3$ with a mean particle size of 4-30 nm have been prepared by a pulsed wire evaporation method, and its structural and magnetic properties were studied by SQUID magnetometer and Mossbauer spectroscopy. From the main peak intensity of XRD and absorption rate of Mossbauer spectrum, the amounts of $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ and $\alpha-Fe_2O_3$ in as-prepared sample are about 70% and 30%, respectively. The coercivity (53 Oe) and the saturation magnetization (14 emu/g) are about 20% of those of the bulk $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$. The low value of coercivity and saturation magnetization indicate that the $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ phase nearly shows the spin glass-like behavior. Analysis of the set of Mossbauer spectrum indicates a distribution of magnetic hyperfine fields due to the particle size distribution yielding 20 nm of average particle size. The magnetic hyperfine parameters are consistent with values reported of bulk $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ and $alpha-Fe_2O_3$. A quadrupole line on the center of spectrum represents of superparamagnetic phase of $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ with a mean particle size of 7 nm or below.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.6-13
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• 2005

Individual clinical significance of each layer of CCA (common carotid artery) has not been well studied. We intended to measure the intima thickness (IT), media thickness (MT), and intima-media thickness (IMT) of CCA separately and tried to analyze the clinical significance. One hundred fifty one consecutive patients (mean age: $57{\pm}15$ years; 77 males, 74 females) underwent CCA scanning using high-resolution ultrasound. The images were off-line analyzed using B-mode ultrasound image processing, devised for individual measurement of IT and MT as well as IMT. The mean coefficients of variation of new method measuring IT, MT, and IMT separately were 0.16% for IMT and 0.21% for both IT and MT. The IT (p < 0.01), MT (p < 0.01) as well as IMT (p < 0.001) of patients with atherosclerotic disease were significantly thicker than that of the patients without atherosclerotic disease. Patients with hypertension showed significantly thicker IT (p < 0.01), MT (p < 0.001), and IMT (p < 0.001) than that of the patients without hypertension. However, only IT was thicker in patients with smoking (p<0.01) than that of the patients without smoking.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.108-118
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was first to identify knowledge about, attitude toward, and educational needs for dementia in certified caregivers; secondly, to understand the relationships among those variables; and thirdly, to provide base-line data for education program development. Methods: The participants in this study were 670 certified caregivers who were working in nursing homes or care hospitals throughout the whole of the country and engaged in education programs for improvement of their professional abilities. Collected data were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, Duncan, and Pearson's correlation coefficients with the SPSS 18.0 for Windows Program. Results: The scores for knowledge about, attitude toward, and educational needs for dementia were $14.12{\pm}2.83$ out of 20, $42.27{\pm}5.54$ out of 50 (item mean 4.22), and $121.51{\pm}22.13$ out of 160 (item mean 3.79) respectively. There were statistically significant positive correlations between knowledge and attitude (r=.238, p<.001), educational needs (r=.083, p=.032), and attitude and educational needs (r=.244, p<.001). Conclusion: Tailored and continuous educational programs for certified caregivers that can improve knowledge about the causes and symptoms of dementia should be developed. Nurses and professors who are experts in dementia should be on the front lines of education for caregivers.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.126-137
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• 2020

This study collected and analyzed the fishing process of existing fishing boat and newly built fishing boat by using the video observation methods to understand the improvement of fishing operation efficiency and safety according to the scale change of coastal composite fishing boat. The fishing operation efficiency was calculated by analyzing the frequency of movement, the movement distance and the moving time per basket used in the fishing process to derive the improvement of the newly built fishing boat compared to the existing fishing boat. It was confirmed that the mean frequency of movements decreased to 13.9%, the average moving time decreased to 21.8%, the mean movement distance increased to 20.5% and the movement through the top of gunwale did not occur. Movement of frequency, increased and time according to the fishing operation were directly affected by the width of side passages and the presence or absence of walking obstruction such as bulwark stay, hatch coaming and fishing gears on deck. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for redesigning into a safe and efficient coastal composite fishing boat in the future.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2001

배 경 : rpoB 유전자 돌연변이는 rifampicin 내성결핵의 96-98%에서 발견된다. 실험실 검사에서는 rpoB 유전자가 다제내성결핵의 지표로서 빠른 진단에 사용될 수 있음이 보고되었으나 임상적 적용에 대해서는 아직 국내 및 외국에도 보고가 없는 실정이다. 연구 방법 : 서울중앙병원에서 1998 년 6월부터 2000년 7월 까지 LiPA법을 이용하여 rpoB유전자 돌연변이분석이 시행된 33명 환자에서 후향적으로 의무기록을 조사하였다. 환자의 임상상, 약제 감수성, 그리고 LiPA 검사 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 전통적인 약제감수성 결과를 표준으로 하여 LiPA 검사 결과와 비교하였으며 양 검사결과가 불일치하는 경우에 rpoB 유전자 염기서열분석을 시행하였다. 연구결과 : 평균 나이는 $42{\pm}19$세이고, 남녀비는 24 : 9 이었다. rpoB 유전자 검사 요청 시간으로부터 결과 보고까지 평균 시간은 $5.2{\pm}2.6$일 이었다. rpoB 유전자 검사 결과는 약제 감수성 결과보다 평균시간은 $56{\pm}35$일 빠르게 보고되었다. 감수성 결과가 얄려진 33명 중 28(85%)명에서는 유전자 검사와 동일한 결과를 보였고, 5명은(15%) 반대 결과를 보였다. 반대 결과를 보인 5명에서 염기서열 분석을 하였을 때, 3예에서 약물 감수성 결과가 오류였을 가능성이 있고, 나머지 2예는 LiPA 검사결과가 오류였을 가능성이 있다. 치료 약 선택에 도움을 준 경우가 28예(85%) 있었다. 결 론 : LiPA 방법을 이용한 rpoB 유전자 검사는 임상에서도 다수에서 다제내성을 신속하고 정확하게 진단할 수 있었고, 치료약 선택에 도움을 주었다. 하지만 현재의 시점에서 LiPA 방법이 기존의 도말 및 배양검사를 완전히 대치할 수는 없고 임상상, 도말 및 배양검사결과와 종합하여 보조적으로 사용하면 도움이 될 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.345-350
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in daily surface temperature of red pepper leaf compared to air and soil surface temperature. The maximum, minimum and average daily temperatures of red pepper leaf were 27.80, 11.40 and $19.01^{\circ}C$, respectively, which were lower by 0.10, 7.60 and $3.86^{\circ}C$ than air temperature, respectively, and lower by 15.00, 0.0 and $4.38^{\circ}C$ than soil surface temperature, respectively. Mean deviations of the difference between measured and estimated temperature by the E&E Model (Eom & Eom, 2013) for the air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf and soil were 0.64, 1.82 and $4.77^{\circ}C$, respectively. The relationships between measured and estimated scaled factor of the air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf and soil were very close to the 1:1 line. Difference between air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf showed a linear decreasing function with the surface temperature of red pepper leaf. Difference between soil surface temperature and air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf linearly increased with the soil surface temperature.