• Architectural research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, US Abstract The intermittent heating and cooling energy need calculation of the ISO 13790 monthly method was examined. The current ISO 13790 method applies a reduction factor to the continuous heating and cooling need calculation result to derive the intermittent heating and cooling for each month. This paper proposes a method for the intermittent energy need calculation based on the internal mean temperature calculation. The internal temperature calculation procedure was introduced considering the heat-balance taking into account of heat gain, heat loss, and thermal inertia for reduced heating and cooling period. Then, the calculated internal mean temperature was used for the intermittent heating and cooling energy need calculation. The calculation results from the proposed method were compared to the current ISO 13790 method and validated with a dynamic simulation using EnergyPlus. The study indicates that the intermittent heating and cooling energy need calculation method using the proposed model improves transparency of the current ISO 13790 method and draws more rational outcomes in the monthly heating and cooling energy need calculation.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 1999

강원도 홍천국 북방면 북방리에 있는 45년생(조사착수 당시) 잣나무 인공식재지에서 1992년부터 1998년까지 7개년간의 구과무게 및 구과당종자 무게와 1990년부터 1998까지 9개년간 이 지방의 기상인자를 조사하여 이들 간의 관계를 조사하였다. 화아분화년 2월과 결과년 5, 7월의 기온이 높고, 개화년 8월 기온이 낮으면 구과무게가 무거우며, 구과당 종자무게는 개화년 1월, 8월의 기온이 낮고 결과년 7월 기온이 높으면 무겁게 나타났다. 개화년 6월의 일조시간이 많으면 구과당 종자무게가 무겁고, 개화년 6월 일조율이 높고 결과년 9월이 낮으면 무게가 가벼움을 알 수 있었다. 화아분화년 4월의 월평균풍속이 강하면 구과무게 및 구과당 종자무게는 각기 적음을 알 수 있었다. 개화년 12월의 맑은날수가 많고, 3월과 년간 총 흐린날수, 3월부터 10까지의 총 흐린날수가 적으면, 구과무게가 무거우며, 개화년 6월의 맑은날수가 많고 년간 총 흐린날수와 화아분화후 11월에서 수분전 5월까지의 총 흐린날수가 적으면 구과당종자 무게가 무겁고 개화년 12월 맑은날수가 많으면 가벼움을 알 수 있었다. 개화년의 6월과 년간 총 강수인수, 3월부터 10월의 강수일수가 많으면 구과무게는 적고, 개화년 6월의 강수일수와 결과년의 총 서리일수가 적으면 구과당 종자뚜게도 적음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.77-96
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• 2017

This study was carried out to clarify the climatic factors of the freezing injury for the judgement on the adaptation areas of evergreen broad-leaved trees. We surveyed and analyzed the climatic factors of the freezing injury to Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc. on the streets with the analyzation of planting grounds, soil conditions and the surrounding buildings. This study showed that only the minimum air temperature factor out of the other climate elements, which were the annual precipitation; the average annual temperature; the average monthly temperature of january; the average monthly minimum temperature of January; the average temperature of the coldest month; the warmth index and the coldness index, was matched up with the previous theories and reports on the freezing damages on the evergreen broad leaved trees and Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc. The freezing injury of Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc was occurred when the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month(TMC) in winter season fell down below $-4.1^{\circ}C$ and the temperature fell down below $-9.2^{\circ}C$. The freezing damage on Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc surrounded by high buildings were less than those surrounded by low buildings or at non buildings.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1109-1118
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• 2010

Characteristics of precipitation and temperature in Ulleung-do and Dok-do were analyzed with hourly accumulated precipitation and mean temperature data obtained from Automatic Weather System(AWS) for latest four years(2005~2008). In Ulleung-do, total annual mean precipitation for this period is 1,574.4 mm, which shows larger amount than 1434.2 mm of whole Korean peninsula for latest 10 years(1999~2008) and 1,236.2 mm at Ulleung-do on common years(1971~2000), shows that the trend of precipitation gradually increases during the recent years. This amount is also 1.4 times larger than the total annual mean precipitation of 660.1 mm in Dok-do. Mean precipitation intensity(mm $h^{-1}$) at each time of a day in each month at Ulleung-do represents that the maximum values larger than $3.0\;mm\;h^{-1}$ were shown in May and on 0200 LST, whereas these were found in August and 0700 LST with $3.1\;mm\;h^{-1}$ in Dok-do. The difference of the precipitation amount and its intensity between Uleung-do and Dok-do is explained by the topological effect came from each covering area, and this fact is also identified from similar comparison of the precipitation characteristics for the islands in West Sea. The annual mean temperature of $14.0^{\circ}C$ in Dok-do is $1.2^{\circ}C$ higher than that of $12.8^{\circ}C$ in Ulleung-do. Trends of monthly mean temperature in both islands are shown to increase for the observed period.

• 대기
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2006

The long-term trends of global solar irradiance, air temperature, specific humidity and cloudiness measured at King Sejong station, Antarctica, during the period of 1988-2004, have been investigated. A statistically insignificant decrease, -0.21 $Wm^{-2}yr^{-1}$ (-0.26 %$yr^{-1}$, P<0.5) in global solar irradiance was found in an analysis from the time series of the monthly mean values, except for the increasing trends only in two months of January and June. The trends in irradiance are directly and inversely associated with the cloudiness trends in annual and monthly means. The trends in surface air temperature show a slight warming, $0.03^{\circ}Cyr^{-1}$ (1.88 %$yr^{-1}$, P<0.5) on the annual average, with cooling trend in the summer months and the warming in the winter. The exact relationship, if any, between the irradiance and temperature trends is not known. No significant tendency was found in specific humidity for the same periods. Recent (1996-2004) erythermal ultraviolet irradiance shows decreasing trend in annual mean, -0.15 $mWm^{-2}yr^{-1}$ (-1.18 %$yr^{-1}$, P<0.1) which is about five times the trends of global solar irradiance. The ratio of erythermal ultraviolet to global solar irradiance shows remarkable seasonal variations with annual mean value of 0.01 % and a peak in October and November, showing the increase of ultraviolet irradiance resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole. The sensitivity of global solar irradiance to the change in cloudiness is roughly $13%oktas^{-1}$ which is about twice of the value at the South Pole due to the difference in the average surface reflectance between the two stations. Much more sensitive values of $59%oktas^{-1}$ was found for erythermal UV irradiance than for the global solar irradiance.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2014

한반도 여수연안($127^{\circ}37.73^{\prime}E$, $34^{\circ}37.60^{\prime}N$)의 46년(1965-2010년)간 월평균 표면수온의 계절변동과 장기변동추세를 파악하였으며, 시계열모형을 수립하여 향후 12개월의 표면수온을 예측하였다. 여수연안의 연평균 표면수온은 $15.6^{\circ}C$, 연진폭은 $9^{\circ}C$를 보이며, 연위상은 $236^{\circ}$로서 최고수온을 보이는 시기는 8월 26일경으로 나타났다. 장기적으로 여수연안 표면수온은 연간 약 $0.0305^{\circ}C$의 유의한 상승 추세를 가지며, 시기적으로 1981년부터 2010년까지 30년간의 상승 경향이 1966년부터 1995년까지 30년간의 상승 경향보다 현저하며, 계절적으로 겨울철의 상승 경향이 지배적으로 나타났다. 월평균 표면수온을 적합시켜 선택된 시계열모형은 $ARIMA(1,0,0)(2,1,0)_{12}$을 따르며, 수립된 모형에 의한 2010년 월평균 표면수온의 예측치는 8.3%의 평균절대백분율오차(Mean Absolute Percentage Error)를 수반하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.403-416
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• 1996

Global natural vegetation mapping (GNVM) system was developed for estimating potential forest area of the globe. With input of monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation observed at weather stations, the system spherically interpolates them into 1°×1°grid points on a blobe, converts them into vegetation types, and produces a potential vegetation map and a potenital vegetation area. The spherical interpolation was based on negative exponential function fed from the constant radius stations with oval weighing method which is latitudinally elongated weighing in temperature and longitudinally elongated weighing in precipitation. The temperature values were corrected for altitude by applying a linear lapse-rate (0.65℃ / 100m) with reference to a built-in digital terrain map of the globe. The vegetation classification was based upon Koppen’s sKDICe. The potential forest area is estimated for 6.96 Gha (46.24％) of the global land area (15.05 Gha).

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1330-1333
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• 2004

The methodology for modeling building energy consumption is well established for energy saving calculation in the temperate zone both for performance-based energy retrofitting contracts and measurement and verification (M&V) projects. Mostly, statistical regression models based on utility bills and outdoor dry-bulb temperature have been applied to baseline monthly and annual whole building energy use. This paper presents the application of neural networks (NN) to model landlord energy consumption of commercial buildings in Singapore. Firstly, a brief background information on NN and its application on the building energy research is provided. Secondly, five commercial buildings with various characteristics were selected for case studies. Monthly mean outdoor dry-bulb temperature ($T_0$), Relative Humidity (RH) and Global Solar Radiation (GSR) are used as network inputs and the landlord monthly energy consumption of the same period is the output. Up to three years monthly data are taken as training data. A forecast has been made for another year for all the five buildings. The performance of the NN analysis was evaluated using coefficient of variance (CV). The results show that NNs is powerful at predicting annual landlord energy consumption with high accuracy.

• 대기
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.423-433
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• 2017

The spatial and temporal variations in radiative forcing (RF) and mean temperature changes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$, were analyzed at urban center (Yeon-dong) and background sites (Gosan) on Jeju Island during 2010~2015, based on a modeling approach (i.e., radiative transfer model). Overall, the RFs and mean temperature changes of $CO_2$ at Yeon-dong during most years (except for 2014) were estimated to be higher than those at Gosan. This might be possibly because of its higher concentrations at Yeon-dong due to relatively large energy consumption and small photosynthesis and also the difference in radiation flux due to the different input condition (e.g., local time and geographic coordinates of solar zenith angle) in the model. The annual mean RFs and temperature changes of $CO_2$ were highest in 2015 ($2.41Wm^{-2}$ and 1.76 K) at Yeon-dong and in 2013 ($2.22Wm^{-2}$ and 1.62 K) at Gosan (except for 2010 and 2011). The maximum monthly/seasonal mean RFs and temperature changes of $CO_2$ occurred in spring (Mar. and/or Apr.) or winter (Jan. and/or Feb.) at the two sites during the study period, whereas the minimum RFs and temperature changes in summer (Jun.-Aug.). In the case of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$, their impacts on the RF and mean temperature changes were very small (an order of magnitude lower) compared to $CO_2$. The spatio-temporal differences in these RF values of GHGs might primarily depend on the atmospheric profile (e.g., ozone profile), surface albedo, local time (or solar zenith angle), as well as their mass concentrations.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.392-393
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• 2005

Due to the temporal and spatial simultaneity and the high-frequency repetition, the data set retrieved from the satellite observation is considered to be the most desirable ones for the study of air-sea interaction. With rapidly developing sensor technology, satellite-retrieved data has experienced improvement in the accuracy and the number of parameters. Nevertheless, since it is still impossible to directly measure the heat fluxes between air and sea, the bulk method is an exclusive way for the evaluation of the heat fluxes at the sea surface. It was noted that the large deviation of air temperature in the winter season by the linear regression despite good correlation coefficients. We propose a new algorithm based on the Fourier series with which the SST and the air temperature. We found that the mean of air temperature is a function of the mean of SST with the monthly gradient of SST inferred from the latitudinal variation of SST and the spectral energy of air temperature is related linearly to that of SST. An algorithm to obtain the air temperature over the sea was completed with a proper analysis on the relation between of air temperature and of SST. This algorithm was examined by buoy data and therefore the air temperature over the sea can be retrieved based on just satellite data.