• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.641-656
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• 2017

The effects of vertical component of earthquakes on torsional amplification due to mass eccentricity in seismic responses of base-isolated structures subjected to near-field ground motions are studied in this paper. 3-, 6- and 9-story superstructures and aspect ratios of 1, 2 and 3 have been modeled as steel special moment frames mounted on Triple Concave Friction Pendulum (TCFP) bearings considering different period and damping ratios. Three-dimensional linear superstructures resting on nonlinear isolators are subjected to both 2 and 3 component near-field ground motions. Effects of mass eccentricity and vertical component of 25 near-field earthquakes on the seismic responses including maximum isolator displacement and base shear as well as peak superstructure acceleration are studied. The results indicate that the effect of vertical component on the responses of asymmetric structures, especially on the base shear is significant. Therefore, it can be claimed that in the absence of the vertical component, mass eccentricity has a little effect on the base shear increase. Additionally, the impact of this component on acceleration is remarkable so the roof acceleration of a nine-story structure has been increased 1.67 times, compared to the case that the structure is subjected to only horizontal components of earthquakes.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 1997

Reference concepts for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and the current status of underground rock laboratory were studied. An analysis to simulate the deep disposal of spent nuclear fuel in saturated rock mass was conducted. Main input parameters for numerical study were determined based on the KBS-3 concept. A series of results showed that the temperature distribution around a cavern reached the maximum value at about 10 years after the emplacement of spent fuel. The maximum temperature at the surface of canister was more than about 12$0^{\circ}C$ at about 4 years. This temperature was not much higher than the temperature criteria to meet the performance criteria of an artificial barrier in the KBS-3 concept. The maximum upward displacement due to the heat generation of spent fuel was about 0.9cm at about 10 years after the emplacement of spent fuel. It turned out that the vertical displacement became smaller with the decrease in heat generation of a canister. The quantity of groundwater inflow into a disposal tunnel increased by about 1.6 times at 20 years after the emplacement of spent fuel with the increase of pore pressure around a cavern.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2015

기존 3차원 토압연구는 벽체에 작용하는 주동토압을 단일파괴체로 가정하고 벽체의 안정성에 초점을 맞춰 3차원 토압의 크기를 구하는데 역점을 두었고, 토압의 주변지반 전이에 대한 연구는 미진하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 벽체의 폭과 높이의 비 즉, 종횡비를 달리하여 3차원 모형실험을 수행하고, 주변지반으로 전이되는 토압의 크기와 영향범위를 파악하였다. 주변지반으로 전이되는 토압은 종횡비에 따라 3차원 주동토압의 감소량보다 17.9~30.6% 작게 나타났으며, 연직방향 토압의 전이보다 수평방향 토압의 전이가 크게 나타났다. 토압의 전이범위는 수평방향으로 주동벽체 폭 w 기준으로 0.67~1.29w, 연직방향으로 주동벽체 높이 ${\Delta}h$기준으로 약 1.0~3.0h인 것으로 나타났다. 수평방향으로 전이되는 토압은 종횡비가 같을 때 수평방향 모두 동일한 높이에서 최대치를 나타내며, 종횡비가 증가함에 따라 토압의 최대 전이 지점이 벽체 하부에서 상부로 변화하였다. 수평방향 토압의 전이는 주동벽체 폭 w 기준으로 0.25w에서 56%~79%인 것으로 나타났으며, 연직방향 토압의 전이는 주동벽체 ${\Delta}h$기준으로 1.0~1.5h에서 50%~58%인 것으로 나타났다. 종횡비에 따라 전이되는 토압의 크기와 영향범위를 분석하고 주동변위 벽체 주변으로 전달되는 3차원 하중전이 분포도를 제시하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.51-63
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• 2023

계절성 동토의 온도 변화에 따른 융해 및 동결작용에 의한 지반의 거동이 말뚝 기초의 변위 및 지지력에 끼치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석은 온도 변화에 따른 지반-말뚝 상호작용을 모사하기 위해 유한요소법 기반의 TM 모델링(Thermo-Mechanical coupled Modeling)을 적용하였으며, 동결 지반은 온도 의존적 비선형 물성을 적용하였다. 지반의 구성 모델은 소성 거동을 모사하기 위한 MCR 모델(Mohr Coulomb with Rankine Tensile cut-off Model)과 HDP 모델(Nonlinear Hyperbolic Drucker-Prager Model)을 각각 적용하였으며, 말뚝의 길이 및 너비 조건을 선정해 수치해석 결과를 비교 및 분석하였다. 수치해석 결과는 HDP 구성 모델이 비교적 작은 지반 거동과 지지력을 보였으나, 전체적으로는 말뚝의 길이 및 너비 조건에 따라 지지력 및 말뚝 머리의 변위 결과의 양상과 그 크기는 유사하게 나타났다. 지반의 융해-동결작용으로 인한 말뚝 머리(pile head)의 수직 변위는 길이 조건이 짧을수록 변위의 변화 폭이 크게 나타났다. 수직 변위는 길이 조건에 따라 MCR 구성 모델에서는 최대 0.0387m의 융해 침하와 0.0277m의 동결 융기가 발생했으며, HDP 구성 모델에서는 최대 0.0367m의 융해 침하와 0.0264m의 동결 융기가 발생했다. 또한 두 탄소성 모델에 대한 말뚝의 지지력 결과는 말뚝의 길이 조건보다 너비 조건에서 더 큰 차이를 보였으며, 너비 조건 L에서 최대 약 14.7%, M에서 최대 약 5.4%, S에서 최대 약 5.3%가 발생하였다. 이에 말뚝 머리의 수직 변위와 말뚝의 지지력은 말뚝-지반의 접촉 면적에 영향을 크게 받으며, 지반 내 활성층의 활성도에 따라 차이를 보였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.195-208
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• 2023

The nodular diaphragm wall (NDW) is a novel type of foundation with favorable engineering characteristics, which has already been utilized in high-rise buildings and high-speed railways. Compared to traditional diaphragm walls, the NDW offers significantly improved vertical bearing capacity due to the presence of nodular parts while reducing construction time and excavation work. Despite its potential, research on the vertical bearing characteristics of NDW requires further study, and the investigation and visualization of its displacement pattern and failure mode are scant. Meanwhile, the measurement of the force component acting on the nodular parts remains challenging. In this paper, the vertical bearing characteristics of NDW are studied in detail through the indoor model test, and the displacement and failure mode of the foundation is analyzed using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology. The principles and methods for monitoring the force acting on the nodular parts are described in detail. The research results show that the nodular part plays an essential role in the bearing capacity of the NDW, and its maximum load-bearing ratio can reach 30.92%. The existence of the bottom nodular part contributes more to the bearing capacity of the foundation compared to the middle nodular part, and the use of both middle and bottom nodular parts increases the bearing capacity of the foundation by about 9~12% compared to a single nodular part of the NDW. The increase in the number of nodular parts cannot produce a simple superposition effect on the resistance born by the nodular parts since the nodular parts have an insignificant influence on the exertion and distribution of the skin friction of NDW. The existence of the nodular part changes the displacement field of the soil around NDW and increases the displacement influence range of the foundation to a certain extent. For NDWs with three different nodal arrangements, the failure modes of the foundations appear to be local shear failures. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the performance and behavior of NDWs, which will aid in their effective utilization and further research in the field.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2024

To assess the seismic performance of Plate-Shell Integrated Concrete Liquid-Storage Structure (PSICLSS), a scaled test model was constructed. This model incorporated a hybrid isolation system, which combined shape memory alloy (SMA), lead-cored rubber isolation bearing (LRB) and sliding isolation bearing (SB). By conducting shaking table test, the dynamic responses of both non-isolated and hybrid-isolated PSICLSS were analyzed. The results show that the hybrid isolation system can effectively reduce the acceleration and displacement responses of the structure. However, it also results in an increase in local hydrodynamic pressure and liquid sloshing height. Under extreme earthquake action, the displacement of isolation layer is small. When vertical ground motion is taken into account, the shock absorption rate of horizontal acceleration decreases. The peak hydrodynamic pressure increases significantly, and the peak hydrodynamic pressure position also changes. The maximum displacement of isolation layer increases, the residual displacement decreases.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between the segments of the body, the three dimensional anatomical angle according to sweep shot in ice hockey. The subjects of this study were five professional ice hockey players. The reflective makers were attached on anatomical boundary line of body. For the movement analysis three dimensional cinematographical method(APAS) was used and for the calculation of the kinematic variables a self developed program was used with the LabVIEW 6.1 graphical programming(Johnson, 1999) program. By using Eular's equations the three dimensional anatomical Cardan angles of the joint and ice hockey stick were defined. 1. In three dimensional linear velocity of blade the Y axis showed maximum linear velocity almost impact, the X axis(horizontal direction) and the Z axis(vertical direction) maximum linear velocity of blade did not show at impact but after impact this will resulted influence upon hitting puck. 2. The resultant linear velocity of each segment of right arm showed maximum resultant linear velocity at impact. It could be suggest that the right arm swing patterns is kind of push-like movement. therefore the upper arm is the most important role in the right arm swing. 3. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of trunk in flexion-extension showed flexion all around the wrist shot. The angular displacement of trunk in internal-external rotation showed internal rotation angle at the backswing top and and increased the angle after the impact. while there is no significant adduction-abduction. 4. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of trunk showed most important role in wrist shot. and is follwed by shoulder joints, in addition the movement of elbow/wrist joints showed least to the shot. this study result showed upperlimb of left is more important role than upperlimb of right.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2000

In this paper, using surface micromachining technology with thick photoresist and aluminum, an SLM(Spatial Light Modulator), which is applied to the fields of adaptive optics and pattern recognition system, was fabricated and the electromechanical properties of the fabricated micro SLM are measured. In order to maximize fill-factor and remove mechanical coupling between micro SLM actuators, the micro SLM is composed of three aluminum layers so that spring structure and upper electrode are placed beneath the mirror plate, and $10\times10$ each mirror plate is individually actuated. Also, the micro SLM was designed to be able to modulate phase and amplitude of incoming light in order to have a continuity of phase modulation of incoming light. In the case of amplitude and phase modulation, maximum vertical displacement is 4$\mum$, and maximum angular displacement is $\pm4.6^{\corc}$ respectively. The height difference of the fabricated mirror plate was able to be reduced to 1100A with mirror plate planarization method using negative photoresist(AZ5214). The electromechanical properties of the fabricated micro SLM were measured with the optical measurement system using He-Ne laser and PSD(position sensitive device).

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.267-281
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• 2015

Six full-scale prestressed concrete (PC) I-beams with steel fibers were tested to failure in this work. Beams were cast without any traditional transverse steel reinforcement. The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of two variables-the shear-span-to-depth ratio and steel fiber dosage, on the web-shear and flexural-shear modes of beam failure. The beams were subjected to concentrated vertical loads up to their maximum shear or moment capacity using four hydraulic actuators in load and displacement control mode. During the load tests, vertical deflections and displacements at several critical points on the web in the end zone of the beams were measured. From the load tests, it was observed that the shear capacities of the beams increased significantly due to the addition of steel fibers in concrete. Complete replacement of traditional shear reinforcement with steel fibers also increased the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the PC I-beams.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2001

In this paper, a new technique and theory are proposed which correct the orientation (inclination of a vertical axis) of a cylinder in vertical-micro positioning device. An algorithm for determining the orientation of the cylinder with a pair of displacement sensor units is derived and two types of the correction methods are described. To assess the performance and efficiency of the developed correction technique, the compensation errors originated from the correction algorithm and the machined characteristics of cylinder surface are evaluated from the geometrical considerations and the statistical techniques. Based upon the evaluation results, the maximum compensation error is estimated for the orientation of cylinder and the optimum correction technique is derived.