• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: The residue dissipation pattern of pesticides for agricultural products during the pre-harvest period after the final application is important to prevent the maximum residue limit (MRL) violations in domestic and export markets. The MRL violations of carbendazim are observed more often in chamnamul by pesticide residue management surveys by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The residue level at the pre-harvest interval (PHI) and the residue dissipation constant from the critical good agricultural practice (cGAP) trials could be estimated to meet the MRL and pose a health risk to consumers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chamnamuls were harvested at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days after application of carbendazim in accordance with critical GAP. The residue analysis in chamnanul was performed by HPLC-DAD with the C₁₈ column. The limit of quantitation of carbendazim was 0.04 mg/kg, and the recoveries were 74.4 - 95.8% at the two spiked levels (LOQ and 10LOQ) of carbendazim. The dissipation rates in chamnamul were calculated from the residues at the sampling days by statistical method at a 95% confidence level. The biological half-lives of residual carbendazim in the field trials 1 and 2 were 4.9 and 4.4 days, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): In this dissipation study, the residue concentrations at the recommended PHI were higher than the established MRL in Korea. Therefore, the MRL is proposed based on the residue data sets from the trials conducted at the same cGAP and the dietary exposure assessment.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 뱀장어에 대한 trichlorfon (TCF)의 잔류허용기준(maximum residue level, MRL) 설정을 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 뱀장어를 대상으로 하여 trichlorfon (TCF) 노출에 따른 체내 잔류량 및 약물동태학적 분석을 실시했다. 28℃와 18℃ 에서 각각 30 ppm 및 150 ppm의 TCF를 30분간 약욕하여 이에 따른 체내 약물잔류농도를 LC-MS/MS로 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 PK solver program 을 이용하여 혈청, 근육 및 간에서 TCF의 약동학 파라미터를 얻었다. 혈청, 근육 및 간에서 최고 농도(C_max)는 25.87-357.42, 129.91-1043.73 및 40.47-375.20였고, 최고 농도 도달시간(T_max)는 0.13-1.32 h, 1.17-3.34 h, 및 0.14-5.40 h이었으며, 배설 반감기 (T_1/2)는 2.13-3.92 h, 5.30-10.35 h, 및 0.65-13.81 h이었다. 30 mg/L농도 투여군에서는 약욕 후 96시간이 지난 뱀장어의 혈청에서 TCF가 검출되지 않았으며, 근육 및 간에서는 336시간이후 부터 검출 한계 이하로 나타났다. 반면에 150 mg/L농도 투여군에서는 약욕 후 336시간이 지난 뱀장어의 혈청에서 TCF가 검출되지 않았지만, 근육 및 간에서는 336시간에도 검출되었다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과들은 향후 양식 뱀장어에 대한 trichlorfon (TCF)의 잔류허용기준(MRL) 설정에 유용한 기초 자료로 활용 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Pre-harvest interval and decline pattern of thiamethoxam were determined in kiwifruit using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). The study was carried out to propose import tolerance using OECD maximum residue limit (MRL) calculator for the export promotion of kiwifruit to Taiwan. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thiamethoxam residue in kiwifruit was determined by using the LC-TriQ-MS/MS with the analytical process to set up the import tolerance under greenhouse conditions for Taiwan. Excellent linearity was observed for all of the analytes with a determination coefficient (R²)≥0.99. The limit of quantification was determined to be 0.01 mg/kg for both thiamethoxam and clothianidin in kiwifruit. Linearity was determined from the co-efficient of determinants (R²) obtained from the seven-point calibration curve. The standard calibration curve showed as follows; 1) Site 1 (Gimje): y = 944,406X + 1,583 (R²=0.9995), 2) Site 2 (Goheung): y = 1,356,205X + 934 (R²=0.9983), and 3) Site 3 (Jangheung): y = 1,239,937X - 3,090 (R²=0.9908). The residue of thiamethoxam in the kiwifruit for three decline trials showed the range of 0.35 to 0.56 mg/kg in site 1 (Gimje), 0.24 to 0.55 mg/kg in site 2 (Goheung), and 0.28 to 0.42 mg/kg in site 3 (Jangheung), respectively. However, clothianidin was not detected in all of the treatments. The maximum residual amounts (decline) in the samples, sprayed according to the safe-use standard for thiamethoxam 10% WG in kiwifruit (30 days before harvest, 3 sprays every 7 days) were 0.56 mg/kg in site 1, 0.55 mg/kg in site 2, and 0.42 mg/kg in site 3, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The import tolerance (IT) of thiamethoxam for kiwifruit may be proposed to be 0.9 mg/kg by using the OECD MRL calculator.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.184-192
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the residue dissipation of boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy and sweet pepper affected by the morphology of the crop. The half-lives and dissipation rate constants for boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy and sweet pepper were calculated. And then lower limit of 95% confidence interval for dissipation rate constant could be used to propose the pre-harvest residue limit. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pesticide products diluted according to the pesticide label were applied one time on crown daisy and sweet pepper at 2 field sites, respectively. Initial concentration of boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy after application were in the range of 72.80~117.15 mg/kg and 2.82~4.67 mg/kg, respectively. And Initial concentration of boscalid and spinetoram on sweet pepper were in the range of 1.58~1.62 mg/kg and 0.10~0.21 mg/kg, respectively. Boscalid and spinetoram for crown daisy dissipted below the maximum residue limit(MRL) at 10 and 2 days after application, respectively. All residues concentration of boscalid and spinetoram for sweet pepper below the MRL at 0 day after application. The half-lives based on dissipation rate constant for boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy were 4.2~4.9 days and 3.0~2.4 days respectively. And the half-lives for boscalid and spinetoram on sweet pepper were 6.7~7.0 days and 2.8~4.0 days respectively. CONCLUSION: The difference in initial concentration of boscalid and spinetoram among crop commodities were due to different crop morphology with larger surface areas. This study was suggested that pre-harvest residue limit would be calculated from lower limit of 95% confidence interval for dissipation rate constant and would be useful to protect consumers by controlling the pesticide residues in crop.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.390-396
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• 2008

The aim of this work is to assess the safety of fungicide tolclofos-methyl, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin in ginseng sprayed by safe use guideline. When tolclofos-methyl was sprayed on ginseng by safe use guideline, the residue amounts (MRL) of it in ginseng was 0.13 mg/kg which is below than 0.3 mg/kg, maximum residue limit established by Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA). The residue amounts of ginseng parts, head part was 0.37 mg/kg and main body part was 0.13 mg/kg. In case of difenoconazole, the residue amounts in ginseng was 0.81 mg/kg. which was exceed the MRL, 0.2 mg/kg. By the analyze results of ginseng part, the residues of head and main body part were 3.01 and 0.40 mg/kg, respectively. In experiment of vinyl mulching, the residue amount of difenoconazole in ginseng was 0.05 mg/kg. The residue amounts of azoxystrobin in ginseng sprayed by safe use guideline was 0.14 mg/kg. This residue was not exceed the MRL 0.5 mg/kg. The residue amounts by ginseng parts was 0.51 mg/kg for head part and 0.28 mg/kg for main body part. In case of vinyl mulching, the residue amount of azoxystrobin was 0.02 mg/kg.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.308-314
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• 2012

국내 유통 중인 친환경농산물 중 과채류와 과실류의 잔류농약 모니터링을 통해 친환경인증 농산물의 잔류농약 실태조사 및 안전성을 평가하기 위하여 서울을 포함한 전국 8개 도시 9개 지점의 대형마트와 친환경농산물 전문판매점에서 25종의 과채류와 과실류를 555점 채취한 후 acetamiprid를 포함한 245종 농약을 대상으로 GC-ECD/NPD와 HPLC-DAD/FLD를 이용한 다성분동시분석법으로 잔류농약을 분석하였으며, 분석결과 농약으로 추정되는 peak는 GC-MSD를 이용하여 재확인하였다. 잔류농약 분석결과 555점의 시료 중 사과를 포함한 4점의 시료에서 bifenthrin, EPN 및 chlorpyrifos가 검출되었으며, 검출율은 0.72%이었다. 농약이 검출된 4점의 시료 중 잔류량은 모두 잔류허용기준(maximum residue limit, MRL) 이내였으나 EPN이 검출된 배는 잔류량이 허용수준인 MRL의 1/20을 초과하였다. 일일최대섭취허용량(maximum permissible intake, MPI) 대비 일일섭취추정량(estimated daily intake, EDI)은 0.76% 미만이었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.421-430
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 2018년 충남에서 유통되는 과일류에 대한 잔류농약 실태를 조사하여 보고하고자 한다. 유통 과일류 150건을 실험대상으로 식품공전 다종농약다성분 분석법(제2법)으로 분석이 가능한 195종의 잔류농약을 실험하였다. 150건의 과일 시료 중 63건에서 40종의 잔류농약이 검출되었으며, 검출률은 42.0%였다. 각 과일의 잔류농약 검출률은 감귤류(55.2%), 인과류(41.3%), 장과류(38.7%), 핵과류(36.0%) 순이였으며 표본이 작지만 열대과일에서는 잔류농약이 검출되지 않았다. 검출빈도가 높은 과일은 사과 21회, 감귤이 16회로 다른 과일에 비해 높은 검출빈도를 보였으며, 검출빈도가 가장 높은 농약은 bifenthrin(21회), pyraclostrobin(17회), novaluron(13회)로 나타났다. 잔류농약이 검출된 시료 중 74.6%의 시료에서 2종 이상의 동시에 검출되었다. 잔류농약이 검출된 63건의 과일 모두 잔류허용기준 이하로 안전한 수준으로 평가되었으나, 잔류농약 검출률이 높고, 농약의 종류가 다양해지고 있어 지속적으로 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.412-418
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• 2009

This study is conducted in order to know the residue patterns of insecticide cypermethrin and fungicide diethofencarb in ginseng sprayed by various application methods. Two pesticides were sprayed separately on ginseng using traditional, soil and vinyl mulching applications. The vinyl mulching application was that head part of ginseng protected from pesticides. When cypermethrin was sprayed on ginseng by traditional application, its residue amount in ginseng was 0.25 mg/kg which exceeded 0.1 mg/kg, maximum residue limit(MRL) established by Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). But in case of vinyl mulching and soil application, its residue amounts were 0.04 and 0.07 mg/kg, respectively. The residue amount of diethofencarb in ginseng was 3.01 mg/kg which exceeded the MRL, 0.3 mg/kg. Further, in case of vinyl mulching and soil application, its residue amounts were 1.71 and 9.39 mg/kg which exceeded the MRL 0.3 mg/kg. Although the residue amounts of both pesticides exceeded the MRLs for ginseng, we can explain that pesticides remained in head part of ginseng is probably the reason why higher pesticides residue levels were observed.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2001

국내에서 1998년까지 잔류기준이 설정, 고시된 농약성분 202종에 대하여 예상되는 문제점을 확인하는 동시에 이에 필요한 시정 방안을 제시하였다. 기준치로 부터 계산한 이론적 최대섭취량이 ADI 의 80%를 초과하는 농약은 35개 성분에 이르렀다. 국내기준과 Codex기준의 격차가 10배 이상되는 항목은 35종 농약, 47종 농산물에서 나타났다. 국내에서는 202종 농약 중 어느 한 종목에서라도 적용작물이면서 잔류기준이 없는 것은 33개, 적용작물이 아니면서 잔류기준이 있는 것은 50개 항목에 이르렀다. Codex기준에서 농산물의 원료와 가공상태에 따라 잔류기준이 각각 다른 사례들을 검색하였다. 국내기준에서 발견되는 이상의 모순점들을 시정하기 위한 방안을 각각 제시하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.248-254
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• 2012

국내 유망 수출 식품 중 잔류농약으로 인하여 수출 장애가 있는 식품을 대상으로 문제가 되는 농약에 대해 CAC 및 수출국의 농약잔류 허용기준 제안을 위한 작물잔류 시험을 수행하였다. 대상 작물은 수출용 단감이었고, difenoconazole과 thiamethoxam을 대상으로 시험을 수행하였다. Difenoconazole의 잔류량 범위는 0.2~0.56 mg/kg였고, thiamethoxam의 잔류량 범위는 0.08~0.28 mg/kg으로 두 약제 모두 수확 1일차 시료부터 MRL 농도 이하로 잔류량이 감소하였다. 따라서 안전사용기준에 따라 약제를 살포하고 수확한다면 국내에 설정된 MRL 기준을 충분히 만족시키는 것으로 확인되었다. Difenoconazole의 각 포장별 반감기는 각각 13.6, 19.4, 16.3일 이었고, thiamethoxam의 각 포장별 반감기는 각각 10.0, 15.3, 14.0일 이었다. Clothianidin의 잔류농도는 1개 지역에서 14, 28일 시료에서 검출되었으나, 농도는 0.03 mg/kg 이하였다.