• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.3
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• pp.326-349
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• 1991

Geographical distribution, bionomics, damage, and control efforts of Matsucoccus pine bast scales of the world are reviewed. Strategies for the control of M. thunbergianae in Korea and the management of forests damaged by the scale insect are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 2008

Abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% were evaluated the simultaneous control effect of both insect pests on black pine (Pinus thunbergii) against Thecodiplosis japonensis and Matsucoccus thunbergianae. Abamectin 1.8% EC was highly effective against T. japonensis and M thunbergianae, however, emamectin benzoate was highly effective against only M. thunbergianae when abamectin and emamectin benzoate were applied through trunk injection against T. japonensis and M thunbergianae at the rate of 1 ml per cm in diameter of breast height. The rate of gall formation of T. japonensis was 0% at the applied year, but 85% at the following year. However, the rate of gall formation was over 90% at the treatment of emamectin benzoate showing no difference compared with control. Abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% showed high control efficacy representing 89.1% and 91.4% against M. thunbergiana, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.386-395
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• 1992

The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, causes severe damage to the black pines of southern coastal areas. It has one generation a year, coming out of the pine bark to mate a and lay eggs from early March to early May. Especially, its peak time is from late March to m mid-April. The host plants were found to be 7 species, Pinus thunbergii, P. strobus, P. taeda, P. b banksiana, P. massoniana, P. taiwannesis, and P. densiflora. The percentage of damaged black p pine by the age were 0.8% for I-year old ones, 3.7% for 4-6 years, 5.2% for 7-9 years, 9.3% f for 10-12 years, 8.1% for 13-15 years, 7.8% for 16-18 years, 6.7% for 19-21 years, 3.3% for 2 22-24 years, 1.9% for 25-27 years, and 1.1 % for 28 years. The highest rate of damage happened to 7 -20 years old trees, whereas the highest rate of damage upon branches happened to 6 6-7 years old ones. Finally, as far as the trunk is concerned, the damages proceeded from the m middle parts of the trunk, whose branches were alive up to the top. The rates of damage s spread in pure forest/mixed forest area were turned out to be 81.3/52.5% in Koheung, 80.3/ 5 58.1 % in Haenam, and 76.3/48.5% in Muan. That is, the damage rate was higher in the pure f forest areas than the mixed forest ones. The higher the density of trees beyond 20 trees per m 100$m^2$, the higher the damage rate was.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 1994

Population densities of intermediate nymphs and egg saw of Matsucoccus thunbergianae, a major insect pest of Pinus thunbergiona in southern coastal area of Korean peninsula, were est~mated. Tree samples of ca. 10cm D.B.H. were collected from old infestation area and newly invaded area. The numben of plimaly branches per tree were not significantly different by the locality, but those of secondaly and smaller branches were smaller in old infestation area The numbers of intermediate nymphs per tree in old infestation area and in newly invaded area were 10.8 and 13.1 times more than those on the trunk, respectively Approximately between 4, 200 and 208, 500 nymphs per tree were estimated. Men secondaw and smaller bmnch samples collected from the basal part of middle crown height, or from the central or the basal part of lower crown height, the number of samples required for the emr range of 20% were 21 and 11 far 10-20cm and 20-3 crn long branches, respectively. Approx~mately 63.6% of egg sacs of the whole tree were on the trunk. The node/intemode bearing the largest branch had the highest egg sac density; including that, four adjacent nodes/intemodes had ca. 37% of egg saw on the trunk.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.139-145
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• 2001

Behavior of Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller and Park males immediately after emergence from their cocooning site, and meteorological factors affecting the responsiveness of the flying males to synthetic pheromone were studied. On Pinus thunbergii saplings, newly emerged males walked around to locate females. The males lanuched themselves into flight after up to three times of copulation. Without the presence of females, the males took off within five minutes whereas when the females were placed nearby but copulation was artifically prohibited the males did not take off. In a wind tunnel, the presence of female pheromone discouraged male take off. More males were flying in sunny area than in shade, but light intensity had no effect on the responsiveness of males toward the pheromone source. Wind speed was the main meteorological factor that affected the male responsiveness. Most males, after hitting the substrate near pheromone source with various posture, stood on their feet and approached the source.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2013

The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae is one of the most serious insect pest in Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii forest in Korea. Insecticidal activity of 10 folds hot water extracts from 7 herbal plants (Atractylodes lancea, Eugenia caryophyllata, Lonicera japonica, Melia azedarach, Quisqualis indica, Sophora flavescens and Taraxacum mongolicum) were tested against different stage of M. thunbergianae using spray method both in laboratory and field. Efficacies of herbal extracts were different depending on stage of M. thunbergianae. Q. indica sprayed with hand sprayer produced the highest corrected mortality of 95.7% on intermidiated nymph stage, however, A. lancea produced the highest corrected mortality (51.3%) on pupae of M. thunbergianae in laboratory. Q. indica and A. lancea were highly effective against female M. thunbergianae in laboratory, however, corrected mortality was lower than other stage (40.0%). Efficacy of Q. indica was similar to effective insecticide, fenitrothion 50% EC against M. thunbergianae in field trials. These results indicated that Q. indica could be an environmental friendly control agent of M. thunbergianae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2018

The black pine bast scale (BPBS), Matsucoccus thunbergianae (Homoptera: Margarodidae), is one of the most serious insect pests of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergiana) in Korea. The density of BPBS varies by tree, branch, and location, making it difficult to monitor them. This study investigated to find a monitoring method for distribution and occurrence of BPBS on Japanese black pine using the yellow sticky trap. The density of male BPBS on sticky trap and nymphs from the branch of Japanese black pine was highly correlated in various surveyed sites. The number of male BPBS that attracted to the yellow sticky traps was higher in upper crown than the lower crown of P. thunbergiana but this was not statistically significant. The density of BPBS nymphs increases with the increase of the diameter of the branch, but the differences were not significant from 1 to 2.5 cm. BPBS was highly distributed in bottom-faced branch than the upper-faced branch of P. thunbergiana. Therefore, we suggest, the yellow sticky trap for the monitoring of BPBS and when examining the nymph density in branch, it is recommended that the bottom-faced branch of the 2-2.5 cm diameter branch be examined.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2000

Matsucoccus thunbergianae is a major insect pest of Pinus thunbergiana in southern Korean peninsula. To study the flight behavior of M. thunbergianae males responding to the synthetic pheromone, five sticky traps were placed on a bamboo pole at various heights, between 0.1m and 2.0m above ground. A bait impregnated with the synthetic pheromone was placed at 0.1m, 1.0m or 2.0m above ground and the number of male catches on each trap was counted. In an open area, numbers of males caught per trap were not different between heights when the bait was placed at 2m or 1m above ground ; when the bait was placed at 0.1m height, male flight was aggregated near the ground. In a forest with low crown closure, trap catches on five traps on the same bamboo pole were not different one another when the bait was placed at 2m height, but most males were flying near the bait when it was placed at 1m height. In a dense pine forest, most males were flying around the bait regardless of the bait position. In all three places, most males were caught on the trap near the ground when the baits were placed 0.1m above ground. Thus, for monitoring the frontal zone of infestation of the scale, placing the pheromone trap near the ground was considered the most efficient. When the males perceived pheromone, they tended to fly in the air with low wind speed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.250-256
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• 1994

Flight behavior of Mntsucoccus thunbergianae males and their response to the synthetic sex pheromone, (6R.lOR)-matsuone, were studied in Pinus thunbergiana forests More males were flying around the tree crown than near the ground. A dispenser loaded w~th 50 vg of the pheromone appeared to affect the density of male flights less than 10 meters Sticky traps with 50 pg of the pheromone attracted flylng males, but those with 1 pg were not effectwe in a forest wlth high crown closure, more males were tmpped at upper crown level than near the ground whereas males appeared to be more responsive to pheromone near the ground in a forest with low crown closure Monitoring new scale iniestations with pheromone mps was much more effective than egg sac surveys, the customary detecting procedures Maiing disruption was not achieved by placing 32 mg of pheromone m a space of l X l X l meter.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2013

A set of experiments were conducted to determine the zero temperature and total effective temperature for the summer diapause and post-diapause development of Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller et Park (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) which infests the Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. The diapausing first instar nymphs were kept in cool storage during three separate times, each starting from May 4th, June 19th, and August 15th of 2002. Cool storage temperatures were 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and $15.0^{\circ}C$. The nymphs were chilled for 10, 20, 30 or 40 days in the first two sets of experiments. In the third experiment, nymphs were chilled for 3, 6, 9 or 12 days. Molting into the second instar nymphs was examined every 10 days, starting at 20 days after taken out from the cool storage. Optimum temperature range of the diapause development was between 7.5 and $10^{\circ}C$, where diapause development was completed in 40, 20, and 6 days by the insects chilled from May 4th, June 19th and August 15th, respectively. Comparing the three sets of experiments with different chilling periods, zero temperature for diapause development was calculated as $29^{\circ}C$. Effective temperature for diapause development was 964 degree days, and it was estimated that nymphs completed their diapause development by September 8th in nature. Under natural temperature conditions >50% eclosion into the second instar occurred on November 9th. Zero temperature for post-diapause development was $10^{\circ}C$, and total effective temperature for post-diapause development until the molt into the second instar was 391 degree days.