• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-102
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• 2009

Most who have heard of Sang-Seol Lee know him for his contribution to the Korean independence movement nearly a hundred years ago. This paper, however, will discuss Lee's other great contribution to his country; that of being "The father of modern mathematical education in Korea". Lee passed the rigorous government officer examination with the highest honor and became a teacher for the royal prince. Later he became the president of Sunkyunkwan, a national institute of higher learning since 1398, and eventually a well-known university bearing the same name. Lee was also a highly regarded Confucian scholar and well versed in foreign languages. He wanted Korea to become a modern country and felt that the areas of science and engineering were studies that needed improving in order to achieve modernization. While researching Western textbooks on the subjects he realized that Western mathematics would be especially important for Korea. With that, it became his mission to integrate Western mathematics into the Korean educational system. This paper will explain the importance of Sang-Seol Lee's contributions to mathematic education in Korea and how it helped Korea become the modern nation it is today.

• School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.375-399
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• 2002

When a curriculum change is being an issue, the editorships and the promotive directions reflect to supplement the social requests. However it is often criticized that such changes in the textbook itself are not satisfactory enough as to coherent to the editoships. And we set the following research questions; (1) One of the most important changes in the new 7th curriculum is to encourage the students' activities. We checked if it is well suited in the new textbooks. (2) Often textbook itself is not important In class, while instructor or students want something else other than the one suggested in the textbook. We asked 187 teachers how they use the textbooks in class. To answer (1), we checked up the introductory - activity - contents with 7 categories, which are ${\circled1}$ of real life sources ${\circled2}$ in use of concrete manipulative ${\circled3}$ in use of computers or calculators ${\circled4}$ in use of historical resources ${\circled5}$ stimulating to recall a relevant previous knowledges ${\circled6}$ of coherence between the activity and the exploratory contexts. ${\circled2}$ were increased, rewarding to the decrease of ${\circled5}$, in the new textbooks, while changes in ${\circled3}$ and ${\circled4}$ were not enough to talk about increments. Especially slight decrease in ${\circled6}$ were detected and it seemed to attribute to the unmatchable use of ${\circled1}$ and ${\circled2}$ with the explanation of mathematical subjects, which also implies how difficult to match ${\circled1}$ and ${\circled2}$ with ${\circled6}$. Analyzing the reponses of (2), about 70% of the teachers used the introductory activities in the textbook, which led better attention of sudents, while 30% of teachers do not use it because they felt that its inroductory activities had not been adequate for their purposes. Teachers counted inadequacy reasons for not being helpful in class, lack of time or lack of support of students, etc. Those teachers use introductory activities invented of their own for classes. As some results of the study, we suggest firstly that authors of textbooks have to get more informations to provide ways to entcourage students' interest in mathematics classes. The ways must be practical and brain storming as well as More use of computers and calculators and mathematical history are expected. Secondly, we are emphasizing the feedbacks between the textbook authors and the users(teachers and students) through internet. Which, we anticipate, will get better communications between them and be a good foundations of continuous modifications of textbooks.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.85-89
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• 2014

TTI is a small label of which the color changes by time-temperature history during food storage. The food shelf life (SL) was compared with that of TTI, the time for TTI to reach the end-point of its color change, for the various discrepancies in two Arrhenius activation energies (Ea), an important parameter of temperature dependence. The SL of TTI and food were mathematically simulated, based on zero-order and first-order kinetics, respectively. In the case Ea of food was smaller than that of TTI, the SL of food was larger than that of TTI, meaning TTI reaches the end-point of color change earlier even though food is still fresh. In the case of Ea of food > Ea of TTI, the food reaches the SL earlier than the TTI. In addition, the magnitude of ${\Delta}Ea$ between food and TTI led to the bigger ${\Delta}SL$. To be safe, $SL_{Food}$ > $SL_{TTI}$ would be practical although $SL_{Food}{\fallingdotseq}SL_{TTI}$ is ideal.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.643-682
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• 2009

There is no doubt that the national competitiveness, in 21st century, definitely depends on how effectively it has been producing high-qualify human resources. It is inevitable that we are required to produce outstanding people who are going to make the use of highly developed scientific technology. Every country has already set to concentrate their all efforts in cultivating competitive human resources, enabling it to strengthen its national competitiveness. We Korea, in order to keep up with it, have arranged legal and systematic basis and are putting spurs to producing competent human resources under the 영재교육진흥법 및 시행령, which took effect from March, 2002. With the lack of experience and short history of Gifted Education, however, it is true that we still have many problems in promoting it in reality, We are asked to improve it by finding out what problems we have in whole area of Gifted Education, such as defining conception, choosing target students, structuring system and managing students afterwards. Therefore, this study, especially focusing on Math of Gifted Education is to investigate the present situation of Gifted Education and to examine what we should do for administering Gifted Education in effective ways.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.28
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• pp.207-241
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• 2017

In the scripture of Daesoon Jinrihoe, the expression 'Dosu (度數)' is frequently used and Jeungsan, Jeongsan, and Wudang also left behind many teachings related to Dosu. In this paper, the concept of Dosu is analyzed in detail and the achievement of an in-depth understanding of the concept of Dosu is attempted. The term Dosu is often used in traditional literature. In the classics, Dosu was used to mean institutions, standards, rules, law, figures, and the laws of heavenly bodies. In other words, Dosu is used to mean the laws of astronomy and the norms of human society. This meaning is expanded and used as the principle of the universe and nature. This concept of Dosu is related to the mathematical cosmological understanding of numbers as the principle of the universe. This type of mathematical cosmology was systematized by Shao Yong (邵雍). In the Joseon Dynasty, Seo Gyungduk (徐敬德) accepted it positively, and it thereby became an influential trend in Korean thought. In the world view of Daesoon thought, there exists the view that numbers as a principle of the universe, and of course this world view is connected to mathematical cosmology. In Daesoon thought, the concept of Dosu is based on the concept of traditional Dosu and adds an additional meaning which connects it to the Reordering of the Universe (Cheonjigongsa). Also, Dosu is used to mean the process of changing the principles and laws of cosmos through Jeungsan's Reordering of the Universe. It is especially the case that discourse about Dosu is widely used when describing the Reordering of the Universe. Jeungsan corrected, reorganized, and adjusted Dosu, as well as establishing new Dosu. Jeongsan, who succeeded Jeungsan, followed the Reordering of the Universe by Jeungsan, and also realized Dosu. In other words, Jeongsan acted and practiced according to the Dosu that had been enacted by Jeungsan. Also, Dosu means the process of the transformation of principle according to the Reordering of the Universe, and Wudang used the concept of Dosu to describe the historical process of Daesoon Jinrihoe. This means that the foundation of Mugeukdo, the change to Taegukdo, the establishment of Daesoon Jinrihoe, and the contruction of Yeoju headquarters are episodes in a divine history carried out through Dosu. Through this discourse, Daesoon Jinrihoe asserts a legitimacy that distinguishes itself from other sects, and believers can be inspired by the sacred meaning that they are participating in the Dosu of heaven and earth. This empowers their devotion and sincerity.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 1998

Yak-yong Jung discussed technology for the first time in Korea, 195 years ago, in his [Ki-ye-lon](the Theory of Techne: 1802) in which he investigated the essence and the developmental aspect of technology and the ways to promote technology. As a man of the 19th century when the West was being transformed into an industrial society by the Industrial Revolution, Jung suggested various ways to reform his nation an agricultural society. Although they were not accepted by the Dynasty, consideration of the social and economic situation and the world history at that time shows that they were very innovative. This study aims at defining Jung's view of technology, centering around [Ki-ye-lon](the Theory of Techne), and discusses what the technological education should emphasize in the future, that is to say: mathematical and scientific principles, the utility of technology, its developmental aspect, technological policy.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.239-250
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• 2006

Computational anthropomorphic phantoms are computer models of human anatomy used in the calculation of radiation dose distribution in the human body upon exposure to a radiation source. Depending on the manner to represent human anatomy, they are categorized into two classes: stylized and tomographic phantoms. Stylized phantoms, which have mainly been developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), describe human anatomy by using simple mathematical equations of analytical geometry. Several improved stylized phantoms such as male and female adults, pediatric series, and enhanced organ models have been developed following the first hermaphrodite adult stylized phantom, Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD)-5 phantom. Although stylized phantoms have significantly contributed to dosimetry calculation, they provide only approximations of the true anatomical features of the human body and the resulting organ dose distribution. An alternative class of computational phantom, the tomographic phantom, is based upon three-dimensional imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT). The tomographic phantoms represent the human anatomy with a large number of voxels that are assigned tissue type and organ identity. To date, a total of around 30 tomographic phantoms including male and female adults, pediatric phantoms, and even a pregnant female, have been developed and utilized for realistic radiation dosimetry calculation. They are based on MRI/CT images or sectional color photos from patients, volunteers or cadavers. Several investigators have compared tomographic phantoms with stylized phantoms, and demonstrated the superiority of tomographic phantoms in terms of realistic anatomy and dosimetry calculation. This paper summarizes the history and current status of both stylized and tomographic phantoms, including Korean computational phantoms. Advantages, limitations, and future prospects are also discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.667-674
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in Malaysia, where data are limited regarding knowledge and barriers in regard to CRC and screening tests. The aim of the study was to assess these parameters among Malaysians. Materials and Methods: The questionnaires were distributed in the Umra Private Hospital in Selangor. The questionnaire had four parts and covered social-demographic questions, respondent knowledge about CRC and colorectal tests, attitude towards CRC and respondentaction regarding CRC. More than half of Malay participants (total n=187) were female (57.2%) and 36.9% of them were working as professionals. Results: The majority of the participants (93.6%) never had a CRC screening test. The study found that only 10.2% of the study participants did not consider that their chances of getting CRC were high. A high percentage of the participants (43.3%) believed that they would have good chance of survival if the cancer would be found early. About one third of the respondents did not want to do screening because of fear of cancer, and concerns of embarrassment during the procedure adversely affected attitude to CRC screening as well. Age, gender, income, family history of CRC, vegetable intake and physical activity were found to be significant determinants of knowledge on CRC. Conclusions: The major barriers identified towards CRC screening identified in our study were fear of pain and embarrassment. The findings have implications for understanding of similarities and differences in attitude to CRC amongst elderly patients in other cultural/geographic regions.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.63-82
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• 2016

Mathematical notation is the main means to realize the power of mathematics. Under this perspective, this study analyzed the difficulties of learning an irrational number concept in terms of notation. I tried to find ways to overcome the difficulties arising from the notation. There are two primary ideas in the notation of irrational number using root. The first is that an irrational number should be represented by letter because it can not be expressed by decimal or fraction. The second is that $\sqrt{2}$ is a notation added the number in order to highlight the features that it can be 2 when it is squared. However it is difficult for learner to notice the reasons for using the root because the textbook does not provide the opportunity to discover. Furthermore, the reduction of the transparency for the letter in the development of history is more difficult to access from the conceptual aspects. Thus 'epistemological obstacles resulting from the double context' and 'epistemological obstacles originated by strengthening the transparency of the number' is expected. To overcome such epistemological obstacles, it is necessary to premise 'providing opportunities for development of notation' and 'an experience using the notation enhanced the transparency of the letter that the existing'. Based on these principles, this study proposed a plan consisting of six steps.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.241-256
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• 2000

The major sources of energy dissipation in steel frames with partially restrained (PR) connections are evaluated. Available experimental results are used to verify the mathematical model used in this study. The verified model is then used to quantify the energy dissipation in PR connections due to hysteretic behavior, due to viscous damping and at plastic hinges if they are formed. Observations are made for two load conditions: a sinusoidal load applied at the top of the frame, and a sinusoidal ground acceleration applied at the base of the frame representing a seismic loading condition. This analytical study confirms the general behavior, observed during experimental investigations, that PR connections reduce the overall stiffness of frames, but add a major source of energy dissipation. As the connections become stiffer, the contribution of PR connections in dissipating energy becomes less significant. A connection with a T ratio (representing its stiffness) of at least 0.9 should not be considered as fully restrained as is commonly assumed, since the energy dissipation characteristics are different. The flexibility of PR connections alters the fundamental frequency of the frame. Depending on the situation, it may bring the frame closer to or further from the resonance condition. If the frame approaches the resonance condition, the effect of damping is expected to be very important. However, if the frame moves away from the resonance condition, the energy dissipation at the PR connections is expected to be significant with an increase in the deformation of the frame, particularly for low damping values. For low damping values, the dissipation of energy at plastic hinges is comparable to that due to viscous damping, and increases as the frame approaches failure. For the range of parameters considered in this study, the energy dissipations at the PR connections and at the plastic hinges are of the same order of magnitude. The study quantitatively confirms the general observations made in experimental investigations for steel frames with PR connections; however, proper consideration of the stiffness of PR connections and other dynamic properties is essential in predicting the dynamic behavior.