• 아동학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.93-118
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• 1988

Systematic Training for Effective Parenting, developed by Dinkmeyer and McKay, is a parent education program that emphasizes social-emotional development. The present research studied the applicability of STEP to Korean mothers by examining changes in mothers' self-concept, mother's child-rearing attitudes, and children's behavior. The subjects of this study were 43 mothers of a kindergarten in Chonju City. 25 mothers were assigned to the control group and 18 mothers to the experimental group. Primary observes, consisting of 43 fathers of kindergarten children, and secondary observers, consisting of 43 Woosuk University students observed mothers' child-rearing attitudes and children's behavior. Instruments included the self-concept test by Jung Woonsik, Schaefer's Maternal Behavior Research Instrument, O Kiseon's Parent Child Relationship Test, Fear's parent questionnaire, and McKay's Adlerian Parental Assessment of Child Behavior. The mothers' child-rearing attitudes and the children's behavior are recorded by the observers and were compared with mothers' responses. The data were analyzed by MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance), and ANOVA (analysis of variance). While the MANOVA showed no significant difference between the control and the experimental groups in changing the mothers' self-concept, differences in 5 of the 8 subfactors showed that STEP implemented positive change in the self-identity, self-satisfaction, self-behavior, personal self and family self in the experimental group. The MANOVA showed a significant difference between the two groups in changing the mothers' child-rearing attitudes. That is after participating in the STEP program, the mothers of the experimental group showed more significant progress than those of the control group. Mothers' observations of positive change in children's behavior agreed with those of the primary and secondary observers.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the parent education program through play to improve the relationships between mothers and children. The subject of this study consisted of 30 mothers with 4-7 aged child attending S-day-care center located in Ik-San. In order to examine the effectiveness of the parent education program through play, two groups were divided into 15 participants each. The experimental group participated in the parent education program for total 8 sessions(2 sessions per week over the 4 weeks) while the control group didn't. The instrument were 'Maternal Affection & Control Resources Scale developed by Cho, Bok Hee(1991) and 'Teacher-Child relationship Scale' by Pinata & Steinberg. Teacher-Child relationship Scale was modified to be appropriate for use with this program. Parental acceptance level was measured by modified Parental Acceptance Scale (P.P.A.S.) by porter(1954). The data were analyzed by SPSSWIN program. The statistical methods for data analysis were frequency, t-test. paired t-test. The main results of this study were as follows : First, the mothers who participated in the parent education program through play showed improvement in affectionate attitudes than before. Second, the mothers who participated in the parent education program through play have been improved in familiarity and have been decreased in conflict of relationships of mother-child than those who did not participated in. Third, the mothers who participated in parent education program through play improve the recognition on respect to children's emotion, emotional expression right, uniqueness of children's temperament and needs to children's independency and autonomy.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1995

비만환자들의 정신역동과 정신분석치료의 기법을 문헌 고찰하였다. 비만의 원인은 구강기 고착과 충동조절을 못하는, 자아와 초자아의 결함에 있었다. 비만환자들은 사랑의 상실에 의한 고통을 해결하는 방법으로 음식을 사용한다. 먹음으로 자신을 달래주고(self-soothing), 대리만족을 취한다. 부모의 양육태도가 문제인데, 비만아의 부모는 아이를 통하여 자신의 욕망을 이루려는 분들이어서 지배적이고 음식을 강요하며 어린이의 성취에 대한 기재가 높다. 어린이에게 따뜻한 보살핌이 필요할 때에도 부모의 목표가 더 우선되기 때문에 어린이는 늘 욕구불만에 빠지게 된다. 가정에서 어린이에게 사랑이 필요할 때마다 사랑 대신에 음식을 먹이는 부모였다. 그래서 성장후에 사회적 좌절을 당하면 음식에서 위로를 받고, 음식을 씹음으로 공격욕구도 발산한다(Stunkard, 1985). 또한 비만환자의 부모는 정상적인 부모역할을 전반적으로 소홀히 하는 편이었다. 절제를 가르치지 못하는 부모였다. 그것은 부모 자신의 초자아에 문제가 있어서 요구할 것을 요구하지 못하기 때문이기도 했고, 특별히 어떤 자식을 유난히 무관심 속에 방치해 두어서 비만을 만들기도 한다(Wilson, 1992). 이처럼 비만환자들은 전에디푸스기에 병의 원인(preoedipal pathology)을 가지고 있기 때문에 이런 갈등을 가지고 있는 환자들을 치료할 때는 언제나 그렇듯이 분석가는 좀더 적극적인 해석을 해주어야 한다. 또한 전이대상만으로는 안되고, 이에 추가하여 아이를 잘 키우는 새로운 대상(new and different object)이 되어 줘야한다(Wilson 1989). 비만환자들의 거구를 대하면서 치료자들은 위축되는 역전이에 빠질 수가 있다는 것도 염두에 두어야 한다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.417-432
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between mother's beliefs on child rearing and children's self-perceptions. The subject of this study were comprised of 167 children aged 8-10 in Iksan & Kunsan city from Dec. 2 to Dec. 8, 2000. The children's self-perceptions were assessed by the self perceptions profile for children. Mother's beliefs questionnaire, developed by Okagaki and Sternberg, was used to obtain the data on mother's beliefs of parenting. The methods of analyses included basic descriptive categorical analysis as well as t-test, one way ANOVA-test, and multiple regression analyses. The major findings from the analyses are as follows: First, a significant difference was found in the degree of mother's beliefs about child rearing by mother's religion(p<.01), mother's education(p<.05), income(p<.001), level of life (p<.0l), mother's job, mother and fathers' agreement of child rearing(p<.05), relationship between mother and child(p<.05) in independence but a significant difference was not found in the degree of mother's beliefs about child rearing in accommodation. Second, the levels of children's scholastic performance were related to higher levels of mother's education(p<.001), mother's income(p<.001), mother and fathers' agreement of child rearing(p<.01). The levels of children's social competence was related to higher, child's gender (p<.01); girls were higher than boys. The levels of children's athletic abilities were not significant. The levels of children's physical appearance was related to higher levels of mother's education(p<.01), mother's income(p<.01), level of life(p<.05), mother's marriage(not divorce)(p<.01). The levels of children's behavioral conduct were related to higher levels of child's gender (p<.05), mother's education(p<.01), mother's income (p<.01), relationship between father and child(p<.0l). The levels of children's global self worth were related to higher levels of mother's age(p<.05), mother's education(p<.001), level of life(p<.05). Third according to the multiple regression analyses for the relationships between mother's beliefs about child rearing and children's self perceptions, mother's beliefs on the creativity were related to higher levels of children's scholastic performance, social competence, and mother's beliefs on the problem solving skills to higher levels of children's behavioral conduct and mother's beliefs on the accommodation to lower levels of children's scholastic performance, social conduct.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.165-176
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to contribute to family nursing in the areas of reducing stress and improving coping for parents of mentally retarded children. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires during a period of 2 months between November 1994 and January 1995 in the Kyoung-in area. The subjects consist of 176 parents (88 mothers and 88 fathers) of mentally retarded children attending schools for the handicapped. The levels of general stress and of parental role stress were measured with the General stress scale and the Parental role stress scale, respectively. The coping scale developed by Folkman ＆ LaZarus was adopted to measure the level of coping, and the patterns of adaptation scale developed by Damrosch ＆ Perry was adopted to measure the patterns of adaptation. The data were analyzed by a SAS program using Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, and oneway ANOVA. The results are as follows ; 1. The level of general stress was significantly higher in mothers than in fathers. Mothers experienced a significantly greater level of parental role stress than fathers did. No significant difference in the level of coping was observed between mothers and fathers. There were differences in maternal and paternal patterns of adaptation. 2. The adaptation pattern of fathers was different according to their level of general stress, parental role stress and coping. The adaptation pattern of mothers was not different according to their level of general stress and parental role stress, but was according to their level of coping. 3. General stress experienced by fathers was different according to education, health status and support from their spouses. Satisfaction with family life, satisfaction with spouse and the support from spouse influenced coping used by fathers. Their level of parental role stress was not associated with any of their general characteristics. 4. In mothers, the level of general stress was different according to their health status, the level of parental role stress was related to satisfaction with family life and satisfaction with spouse. Their level of coping was associated with the sup port from spouse. The above findings indicate that mothers did not have more coping strategies than fathers did, despite the results which showed that mothers experienced greater stress than fathers did. Especially, the adaptation pattern of mothers was different according to their level of coping. Hence, nursing interventions directed at managing stress and improving coping should be used with mothers who use adaptation pattern 1. In particular, fathers should actively participate in parenting, and support their spouses.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

목적 본 연구는 결혼이민자 산모를 대상으로 가정방문을 통한 간호중재 프로그램을 제공하고 그 효과를 규명하기 위한 것이다. 방법 편의표출 및 눈덩이표출을 통해 서울과 수원 지역의 중국, 베트남, 필리핀 결혼이민자 임부를 파악하여 비동등성 대조군 전후설계로 실험군 20명, 대조군 19명을 대상으로 하였다. 출산 후 퇴원하면 일주일 이내 가정방문하여 사전조사를 실시 후 실험군에 대한 중재를 제공하였으며, 산후 6주와 3개월에 다시 두 군 모두 가정방문을 통해 자료를 수집하고 실험군에는 중재를 제공하였다. 결과 실험군과 대조군의 영아돌보기 자신감에 대한 그룹과 시간 간의 상호작용 효과가 유의하여 실험군은 대조군보다 퇴원 후 5일 이내의 사전조사에 비해 산후 6주와 3개월 영아돌보기 자신감이 유의하게 더 증가하였다. 또한 실험군은 대조군보다 산후 3개월 영아 발달에 필요한 양육환경을 더 긍정적으로 조성하였으며 생후 6주와 3개월의 영아기질을 더 긍정적으로 인식하였다. 그러나 산후우울과 남편의 지지는 두 군 간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론 본 연구를 통해 결혼이민자 산모에 대한 가정방문 간호중재 프로그램이 영아돌보기와 양육환경 조성에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 현재 진행하고 있는 맞춤형 방문건강관리사업에서 결혼이민자 산모에 대한 중재 프로그램을 활성화할 것을 제언한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.523-528
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• 2006

목 적 : 선천성심질환 청소년의 우울정도와 극복력의 상관관계를 파악하고 우울과 관련된 변수를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 선천성심질환으로 수술을 받고 2개 대학병원 및 심장전문병원에 등록되어 추적관찰 중인 만 13-18세 청소년 231명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 도구는 만성질환아를 대상으로 개발한 극복력 도구와 Beck의 우울척도를 8-18세에 맞게 변형시킨 Kovasc의 CDI를 사용하였다. 결 과 : 선천성심질환 청소년의 우울정도는 0-54점 가능 점수에서 평균 16.74점이었고, 극복력은 70-160점 가능 점수에서 115.84점이었다. 극복력에 따른 우울정도는 극복력과 우울은 유의한 역상관관계(r=-0.59, P<0.01)를 나타났다. 또한, 극복력의 하부 개념인 개인내적요인(r=-0.69, P<0.01), 대처양상(r=-0.39, P<0.05), 대인관계(r=-0.59, P<0.01)도 우울정도와 통계적으로 유의한 역상관관계를 보였다. 다중회귀분석 결과 선천성심질환 청소년의 우울과 관련된 유의한 변수는 부모의 양육태도(${\beta}=-0.48$, P<0.01) 및 극복력(${\beta}=-0.62$, P<0.01)으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 선천성심질환 청소년에서 청소년 자신의 극복력이 높을수록 부모가 긍정적인 양육태도를 가질수록 우울정도가 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 환자 자신의 극복력을 파악하고 증진할 수 시킬 수 있는 심층 연구와 선천성심질환 청소년과 같이 만성질환을 가진 자녀의 부모에게 양육태도의 중요성을 가질 수 있도록 돕는 중재개발이 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.160-175
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• 1991

본 연구의 목적은 가족의 기본이 되는 부부관계에 초점을 맞추어 부부관계와 부모자녀 관계 사이의 연관성을 알아보고자 1987년 7월부터 9월사이에 소아 정신과에서 치료받은 환아의 부모들과 일반 아동이 부모들을 대상으로 결혼 만족도 검사(Marital Satisfaction Inventory ; MSI)와 부부 적응도 척도(Dvadic Adjustment Scale ; DAS)의 두가지 설문지를 이용하였다. 환아 부모군은 환아의 진단면에 따라 정신증, 신경증, 틱, 자폐증, 정신지연의 5군으로 분류하였고 각군의 결과가 평가되었다. 1) 환아부모군은 대조군보다 결혼만족도가 낮다. 2) 환아부모군은 대조군보다 부부 적응도가 유의하게 낮다(P<0.01). 3) 환아부모군, 대조군에서 여자가 남자보다 역할개념이 더 진보적이며 환아부모군에서 역할부담이 여자에게 편중됨으로써, 양육갈등(conflict in child rearing)은 모성 우월현상과 연관됨을 시사한다. 4) 원래 가족의 고통스러운 가족력(Family History of Distress)는 결혼의 정서적 의사소통, 성생활, 자녀양육과 연관이 깊다. 5) 결혼 만족도 검사(Marital Satisfaction Inventory ; MSI)의 전반적 고통 척도(Global Distress Scale ; GDS)에 의하면 정신증, 신경증, 자폐증, 정신지체, 틱의 순서로 불만족도를 보였다. 6) 부부 적응도 척도(Dvadic Adjustment Scale ; DAS)에 의하면 정신증, 신경증, 틱, 자폐증, 정신지체의 순서로 부적응도를 보였다. 7) 틱군은 자녀양육 갈등 및 양육태도에 문제점을 시사하였고 부부관계 자체는 유의한 장애를 보이지 않았다. 위의 결과로서 부부의 부적응 및 불만족은 자녀양육 및 자녀문제와 밀접한 연관성이 있음을 시사하며 소아의 정신증과 신경증군의 발병요인은 결혼 불만족과 부적응과 관련이 깊으며 자폐증이나 정신지연군의 발병요인은 결혼 불만족과 부적응과 관련이 깊지 않음을 시사한다.