• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2005

연구목적 : 아동의 문제를 주소로 내원한 어머니의 우울증 관련인자를 알아보기 위함이다. 방법 : 50명의 아동과 어머니를 대상으로 지능검사를 포함한 임상 심리검사를 시행하였다. 어머니는 한국형 아동행동 조사표(Korean version of Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist ; K-CBCL)를 선생님은 Teacher's Report Form(TRF)을 작성하였다. 어머니의 우울증 여부에 따라 두 군으로 나누어 조사하였다. 결과 : 총 50명의 어머니 중 $42\%$의 어머니가 우울장애를, $16\%$가 불안 장애를 가지고 있었다. 우울한 어머니는 아동 문제 중 K-CBCL 공격성과 외현화 문제에 높은 점수를 기록하였다. 우울한 어머니의 아동은 지능 검사에서 차례 맞추기와 바꿔쓰기에서 낮은 점수를 보였다. 선생님의 총 문제행동으로 보정을 하였을 때, 어머니의 우울증은 K-CBCL의 공격성, 외현화 문제, 총 문제 행동, 그리고 아동 지능 검사의 바꿔쓰기 항목과 관련이 있었다. 결론 : 아동의 공격적 행동, 외현화 행동, 총 문제 행동, 낮은 바꿔쓰기 점수가 어머니의 우울증과 관련이 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1590-1598
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• 2008

Cell proliferation and differentiation are critical processes in a developing fetal rat brain, during which programmed cell death (PCD) also plays an important role. One of the decisive factors for PCD is Bcl-2 family proteins, where Bax induces cell death, whereas Bcl-2 acts as an inhibitor of PCD. As maternal drinking is known to cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or malformation of the fetal brain during pregnancy, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether maternal ethanol exposure alters the PCD-related Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression during fetal brain development. Pregnant female rats were orally treated with 10% ethanol and the subsequent expressions of the Bax and Bcl-2 proteins examined in the fetal brain, including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, from gestational day (GD) 15.5 to GD 19.5, using Western blots, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. With regard to the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax proteins (Bcl-2/Bax), the Bax protein was dominant in the forebrain and midbrain of the control GD 15.5 fetuses, except for the hindbrain, when compared with the respective ethanol-treated groups. Moreover, Bcl-2 became dominant in the midbrain of the control GD 17.5 fetuses when compared with the ethanol-treated group, representing an alternation of the natural PCD process by ethanol. Furthermore, a differential expression of the Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was found in the differentiating and migrating zones of the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. Thus, when taken together, the present results suggest that ethanol affects PCD in the cell differentiation and migration zones of the prenatal rat brain by modulating Bax and Bcl-2 expression in an age- and area-dependent manner. Therefore, this is the first evidence that ethanol may alter FAS-associated embryonic brain development through the alteration of Bax and Bc1-2 expression.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important components of brain phospholipds and play important role (s) in brain function. In rats, the maximum brain growth occurs during the period of lactation even though it happens during the third trimester of gestation in human. Since milk contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) even through the maternal diet had no DHA and/or a very small amount of its precursor, $\alpha$-linolenic acid ($\alpha$-LnA), an emphasis was given to maternal adipose tissue as a reservoir of this fatty acid. We, therefore, investigated the mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissues for their fatty acid composition in dams reared with different fat diets. Diets containing various amounts of $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids were given to adult female rats (200-250g) throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods. Diets were composed of 10% (wt/wt) corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) containing about 60% $\alpha$-LnA, or fish oil (FO) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The fatty acid ompositions of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were measured and evaluated at Day-2 and Day-15 after parturition. In general, major characteristics of dietary fatty acid composition was reflected on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected more on mesenteric fat as compared to subcutaneous fat. Mesenteric fat was found to contain less arachidonic acid (AA) and mesenteric fats of CO, SO and PO groups contained less DHA than did the subcutaneous fat. The P/M/S ratios of adipose tissues were similar between experimental groups while dietary P/M/S ratios differed significantly. It was noticeable that a small proportion of DHA was found in the adipose tissues of animals of CO, SO and PO groups (Day-2) and in SO and PO groups (Day-15), the groups which do not contain DHA in their diets. The percentage of DHA in mesenteric fat o CO, SO and PO groups decreased as lactation continues, while the proportion of DHA in FO group increased. Adipose tissues of FO group had higher DHA/EPA ratio as compared to the diet. Considering the fact that the body contains a large amount of adipose tissues, our present finding suggests that the adipose tissue can serve as a reservoir of DHA for pregnant and lactating rats.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2001

Background: Usually, lumbar epidural block is performed on the $L_{3-4}$ interspace. This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and shortening of labor duration comparing the $L_{1-2}$ and $L_{3-4}$ interspace epidural blocks in nulliparous normal vaginal deliveries and then investigates side effects following the blocks. Methods: Eighty healthy nulliparous women were divided into two groups, $L_{1-2}$ (n = 40) and $L_{3-4}$ (n = 40). Epidural blocks, lumbar epidural block were performed at the $L_{1-2}$ and $L_{3-4}$ interspace with a catheter advancing 3 cm cephalad. The initial dose of 12 ml (0.167% bupivacaine, fentanyl $50{\mu}g$ and clonidine $75{\mu}g$) was injected epidurally at 4 cm dilatation of cervix and severe pain of labor. If a visual analogue scale (VAS) score was more than 4 points, an additional dose was administered epidurally using the same volume as the above mentioned, but with the exception that the bupivacaine was diluted to 0.1 percentage. The maternal blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate and fetal heart rate were measured at 10 min intervals for the first 30 min, at 15 min interval for the next 30 min and at 30 min interval for the last one hour following the blocks. The duration of the first (active) and second stages of labor was counted and the neonatal Apgar score was recorded at one and five min after delivery. The degree of motor block, pruritus, nausea and vomiting were also noted. Results: The patients in group $L_{1-2}$ had lower pain scores than group $L_{3-4}$ at 5, 20, 30, 60 mins. The duration of 1st and 2nd labor stage in the $L_{3-4}$ epidural block were $272{\pm}33.5$ min, $49.2{\pm}27.4$ min respectively but those in the $L_{1-2}$ epidural block were $253.5{\pm}32.5$ min, $37.3{\pm}22.3$ min, respectively. Conclusions: We concluded the analgesic efficacy and shortening of labor duration in $L_{1-2}$ epidural block was better than those in $L_{3-4}$ epidural block. Maternal hemodynamic change, motor block. pruritus, nausea, vomiting and Apgar score showed no significant differences between the two groups.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.141-157
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• 1971

The peripheral infection is one of the major causes of maternal death, and although it is preventable through an effective prenatal as well as postnatal care its morbidity is increasing due to bacterial resistant to an effective antibiotics. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the peripheral morbidity of 949 parturients who were admitted to the Obstetrics and Gynecologic department of Ewha Woman's University Hospital from January 1971 to September 1971. Among the 949 parturients, especially 40 normal parturients were selected (20, control soup was given complete aseptic care during labor and delivery and post delivery: 20, compare group was given the ordinary care practiced during labor and delivery and maternal ward of Ewha Woman's University Hospital) for bacteriologic test on vaginal flora twice, on admission and on complete cervical dilatation of each parturient. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Majority of parturients age were 21 to 35 years old(90.83%), and educational level of 949 parturients was above high school. A large number of parturients socioeconomic level (according to their husbands' job) were moderate. 2, Among the 949 parturients, multipara (55.9%) were a little more than primipara (44. 1%) and 38.84% of parturients had experienced aborition. 3. In deliverty types, normal deliveries (804 cases) were more than cesarean section deliveries (145 cases) The peripheral morbidity after normal deliveries was 0.5%, and cesarean section deliveries, 23.45%. 4. Among 949 parturients incidence of hemorrhage eases (500cc or more bleeding) showed the higher peripheral morbidity (24.86%) than other cases (bleeding less than 500cc, 7.83%). 5. The majority of parturients (81.03%) had teen taking antenatal care, but most of them were taken irregular antenatal care. On the other hand, on admission, the parturients with complication were 30.32%, and their peripheral morbidity showed much higher (7.02%) than those with no complication (2.71%). 6. The incidence of peripheral morbidity in premature ruptured membrane was higher (10.91%) than normal parturienta (1.73%). 7. In the result of aseptic care during labor and delivery and post delivery, the number of cultured bacteria was legs in control group than Compare group (in control group, on admission 17, on complete cervical dilatation 12: in compare group, on admission 21 on complete cervical dilatation 21) . The most common bacteria were Staphylococcus (control group 14 on admission, compare group 16 on admission), and next Streptococcus, E- Coil, Bacillus Subtilis, in order. Also in control group the number. of colony were reduced (43%) more than in Compare group. Transient temperature elevation from 37℃ to 37.4℃ were noted in compare group (50%) than in control group (30%), and there was no one indicated above 38℃. In conclusion, the aseptic care is the test way of preventing peripheral infection as well as decreasing the puerperal morbidity. Therefore the most important nursing care is the aseptic care for each parturient during labor and delivery and peat delivery and also all the instruments must be cleaned and sterilized.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2011

본 연구는 아동의 치아우식병 감소와 올바른 식습관 및 효과적인 구강보건교육사업을 수행하는 데 기초자료를 제공하고자 2009년 5월 4일부터 7월 20일까지 경기도 일지역의 9개 초등학교를 대상으로 아동에 대한 구강검진과 그 어머니에 대한 설문조사를 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 성별 아동의 영구치우식경험률(DMF rate)은 남자에 비해 여자가 높게 나타났으며, 학 년별 아동의 치아 우식은 대체로 저학년보다는 고학년에서 높게 나타나, 아동의 성별, 학 년별 치아우식경험도 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 아동의 치아우식경험도는 어머니의 사회경제적 특성, 청정식품과 보호식품 및 간식 섭취빈도 등은 영향을 받지 않았으며(p>0.05), 어머니의 식사태도 중 편식정도와 아동의 우식경험유치(df)에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 아동의 구강건강을 위해서는 편식하지 않고 음식을 골고루 섭취하는 어머니의 올바른 식행동이 이루어지고, 더불어 아동 스스로가 올바른 식습관과 구강보건에 대한 관심을 가지고 관리하도록 교육하는 것이 필요하겠다.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.183-199
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• 2014

본 연구는 어머니의 완벽주의적 성향과 양육신념이 유아의 사회적 능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구대상은 대전시에 거주하는 유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니 277명이다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 어머니의 완벽주의는 보통 수준으로 나왔고, 양육신념은 비교적 높게 나왔다. 어머니의 완벽주의와 양육신념은 학력에 따른 차이가 유의하지 않았으나, 완벽주의 하위요인 중 높은 기준설정은 학력에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 유아의 사회적 능력은 보통 수준으로 나왔다. 유아의 사회적 능력은 전체적으로는 성별과 연령에 따른 차이가 유의하지 않았으나, 사회적 능력 하위요인 중 애정표현은 남아보다 여아가 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 완벽주의와 양육신념은 유아의 사회적 능력에 상당히 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 완벽주의 중 높은 기준설정은 긍정적으로, 실패의 두려움은 부정적으로, 양육신념 중 창의능력에 대한 신념은 긍정적으로 유아의 사회적 능력에 영향을 주었고, 어머니 변인들은 유아 사회적 능력 전체 변량의 22.8%를 설명하였다. 이는 어머니가 높은 기준설정을 통한 완벽추구 성향이 높고, 실패의 두려움과 관련된 완벽주의가 적고, 유아의 창의능력 촉진에 대한 신념이 강할수록 유아의 사회적 능력이 높아짐을 의미한다. 본 연구결과는 유아의 사회적 능력 함양을 위한 부모교육 프로그램 개발에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.327-331
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• 2001

There is a critical developmental period during which brain sexual differentiation proceeds irreversibly under the influence of gonadal hormone. Recently, kinesin superfamily-associated protein 3 (KAP3) gene expressed during the 'critical period' of rat brain differentiation was identified by us (Choi and Lee, 1999). KAP3 functions as a microtubule-based motor that transports membranous organelles anterogradely in cells, including neurons (Yamazaki et al., 1996). mRNA level of KAP3 gene markedly increased before the initiation of puberty. Neonatal treatment of estrogen clearly inhibited the prepubertal increase in KAP3 mRNA level (Choi and Lee, 1999). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as endocrine disruptors (EDs) on the expression of KAP3 gene during the 'critical period' of rat brain development. In our data, PCBs significantly decreased the expression of KAP3 gene in the fetal (day 17) and the neonatal (day 6 after birth in) male and female rat brains. The body weight and the breeding ability were significantly decreased in the PCBs-exposed rats compared with the control. These results showed that PCBs affect the transcriptional level of brain sexual differentiation related gene, KAP3, in the fetal and the neonatal rat brains. The maternal exposure to the PCBs may lead to toxic response in embryonic brain sexual differentiation and breeding ability after sexual maturation. This study indicates that KAP3 gene may be useful as a gene marker to analyze the molecular mechanism of toxic response in the animal brain development and sexual maturation exposed to PCBs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.455-459
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• 1996

The genetic parameters for various economic traits were estimated in a White Leghorn population selected for part period egg production over 16 generations. In early part of selection, egg number had moderate to high heritability (0.26 to 0.51) while age at sexual maturity, egg weight and body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age had high heritability (0.54 to 0.83). The sire component heritability for all the traits except 20 week body weight declined in later periods of selection. Sex linked gene effects for egg number and age at sexual maturity were more important in early periods of selection in comparison to the later periods, while maternal effects remained important for 20 week body weight in all the periods. Egg number was negatively correlated with egg weight ($r_{G(S)}=-0.36$), age at sexual maturity ($r_{G(S)}=-0.84$) and 40 week body weight ($r_{G(S)}=-0.84$), while it was positively correlated with 20 week body weight ($r_{G(S)}=-0.34$) in base generation. The genetic association between egg number and 40 week body weight changed not only in magnitude but also in direction in later periods. The genetic correlation of egg number with egg weight as well as with age at sexual maturity also decreased in magnitude in later periods of selection.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.461-480
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• 2015

본 연구는 영아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육신념과 지지적 상호작용이 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향에 대하여 가구소득과 어머니의 취업여부에 따라서 차이가 나타나는지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구대상은 2010년 한국아동패널3차에 참가한 23-31개월 자녀를 둔 어머니들 중 가구소득과 취업여부로 분류한 4개 집단(낮은소득-비취업, 낮은소득-취업, 높은소득-비취업, 높은소득-취업)에 해당하는 770명이었다. 연구결과 어머니의 양육신념과 지지적 상호작용은 양육스트레스에 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 집단에 따라서 영향을 미치는 변인과 정도는 차이가 있었다. 4개의 모든 집단에서 공통적으로 어머니의 지지적 상호작용은 양육스트레스에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 변인이었으며, 높은소득-비취업 집단에서는 유일한 변인이었다. 낮은소득-비취업 집단에서는 정서적, 도구적 가치와 성취기대, 인성에 대한 강조가, 낮은소득-취업 집단에서는 도구적 가치가, 높은소득-취업 집단에서는 정서적 가치와 성취기대가 양육스트레스에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 취업여부와 가구소득과 관련된 어머니의 양육스트레스를 이해하기 위해서는 두 변인을 함께 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사해주고 있다.